Consumption of energy drinks among adolescents in Norway: a cross-sectional study

BMC Public Health

Table 3 Estimated geometric mean daily consumption and adjusted mean difference for 15,913 ED consumers

Variable	n	Geometric mean daily ED intake (ml/day)	Mean difference (%)	95% CI
School level
Lower secondary school^a	9732	26.9	reference group
Upper secondary school^b	6181	29.2	8.7%	[4.7–12.8]
Gender
Female	6180	18.5	reference group
Male	9220	36.3	95.2%	[88.2–102.5]
Residency^c
Urban	7064	26.0	reference group
Rural	8849	29.2	13.2%	[9.1–17.3]
Socioeconomic status
Group 5 Highest	2730	24.9	reference group
Group 4	3213	25.8	−0.1%	[−5.8–5.9]
Group 3	3182	27.3	7.2%	[1.1–13.7]
Group 2	3371	29.1	13.6%	[7.1–20.4]
Group 1 Lowest	3413	31.6	19.0%	[12.3–26.2]
Frequency of physical activity^d
Often	13,124	26.5	reference group
Seldom	2278	32.0	13.1%	[7.3–19.2]
Never	311	53.5	65.8%	[45.4–89.0]
Leisure screen time
Less than two hours	2549	20.3	reference group
Two-three hours	3390	22.9	16.7%	[10.0–23.9]
Three-four hours	4058	25.5	29.7%	[22.5–37.3]
Four-six hours	3212	31.0	54.0%	[45.1–63.5]
More than six hours	2561	46.8	116.8%	[103.5–131.0]

CI confidence interval
^aLower secondary school includes grades 8–10 and ages 12–15 years ^b Upper secondary school includes grades 11–13 and ages 15–19 years ^c Urban residency: municipalities with ≥ 20,000 residents, rural residency: municipalities with < 20,000 residents. d Often: once a week or more, seldom: once to twice a month or less

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