Does coffee drinking have beneficial effects on bone health of Taiwanese adults? A longitudinal study

BMC Public Health

Table 4 Multiple linear regression analysis showing the association between coffee drinking and T-scores among men and women

Variables	Men		Women
Variables	β	P-value	β	P-value
Coffee drinking (Reference: No)
Medium	0.003	0.9662	0.105	0.1445
High	0.237	0.0067*	0.101	0.1492
P-trend	0.0161*		0.0947
Age group (Reference: 30–49 years)
50–69	−0.334	<.0001*	−0.388	<.0001*
≥ 70	−0.482	<.0001*	−0.829	<.0001*
Education (Reference: College and above)
Senior high school	−0.085	0.2740	−0.169	0.0458
Junior high school	−0.245	0.0135*	−0.245	0.0116*
Elementary and below	−0.228	0.0246*	− 0.248	0.0124*
BMI (Reference: Normal)
Underweight	−0.369	0.0775	− 0.258	0.1133
Overweight	0.272	0.0011*	0.082	0.3383
Obese	0.325	0.0049	0.111	0.3172
Smoking (Reference: Never)
Quit	−0.086	0.3410	0.340	0.3238
Yes	−0.128	0.0800	0.211	0.2604
Drinking (Reference: Never)
Quit	−0.020	0.8973	0.190	0.7787
Yes	0.011	0.8865	−0.011	0.9495
Exercise (Reference: No)
Yes	0.162	0.0172*	0.037	0.5339
Vegetarian diet (Reference: No)
Yes	−0.059	0.4502	0.025	0.4599
Personal disease history
Diabetes	−0.236	0.1169	−0.129	0.4031
Hypertension	0.004	0.9657	0.049	0.6030
Heart disease	0.118	0.4049	−0.065	0.6822
Hyperlipidemia	−0.013	0.9183	0.084	0.5012
Stroke	0.029	0.9162	1.564	0.0177*
Supplement intake
Vitamin D (Reference: No)
Yes	0.053	0.8028	−0.049	0.7669
Other vitamins (Reference: No)
Yes	0.377	0.0167*	−0.022	0.8250
Calcium (Reference: No)
Yes	−0.272	0.0159*	−0.053	0.4692

*P< 0.05. Adjusted for age, education, BMI, smoking, drinking, exercise, vegetarian diet, vitamin D, other vitamins, calcium, blood type, fasting blood glucose, creatinine, uric acid, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, GOT, GPT, SBP, DBP, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, body fat, diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, hyperlipidemia and stroke

ISSN: 1471-2458