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Table 3 Multiple linear regression analysis showing the association between coffee drinking and T-scores among study participants

From: Does coffee drinking have beneficial effects on bone health of Taiwanese adults? A longitudinal study

Variables

β

P-value

Coffee drinking (Reference: No)

 

 Medium

0.049

0.3523

 High

0.158

0.0038*

P-trend

0.0046*

 

Age group (Reference: 30–49 years)

 50–69

− 0.447

<.0001*

  ≥ 70

− 0.619

<.0001*

Sex (Reference: Women)

 Men

−0.200

0.0008*

Education (Reference:=College and above)

 Senior high school

−0.140

0.0131*

 Junior high school

−0.257

0.0001*

 Elementary and below

−0.312

<.0001*

BMI (Reference: Normal)

 Underweight

−0.314

0.0141*

 Overweight

0.181

0.0021*

 Obese

0.223

0.0049*

Smoking (Reference: Never)

 Quit

−0.017

0.8427

 Yes

−0.094

0.1546

Drinking (Reference: Never)

 Quit

−0.038

0.7940

 Yes

0.012

0.8607

Exercise (Reference: No)

 Yes

0.096

0.0305*

Vegetarian diet (Reference: No)

 Yes

−0.001

0.9729

Personal disease history

 Diabetes

−0.185

0.0817

 Hypertension

0.037

0.5663

 Heart disease

0.038

0.7150

 Hyperlipidemia

−0.016

0.8530

 Stroke

0.349

0.1682

Supplement intake

 Vitamin D (Reference: No)

  Yes

0.006

0.9631

 Other vitamins (Reference: No)

  Yes

0.104

0.2160

 Calcium (Reference: No)

  Yes

−0.105

0.0852

  1. *P< 0.05. Adjusted for age, education, BMI, smoking, drinking, exercise, vegetarian diet, vitamin D, other vitamins, calcium, blood type, fasting blood glucose, creatinine, uric acid, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, GOT, GPT, SBP, DBP, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, body fat, diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, hyperlipidemia and stroke