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Table 3 Odds of using smartphone when crossing, inattentional blindness, inattentional deafness, and situational awareness (N = 2556)

From: Pedestrian smartphone overuse and inattentional blindness: an observational study in Taipei, Taiwan

 

Using smartphone when crossing

Failure to see the clown

Failure to hear the horn

Failure to remember remaining secs

OR(95% CI) P-value

OR(95% CI)

P-value

OR(95% CI)

P-value

OR(95% CI)

P-value

Smartphone tasks (ref. control)

 Listening to music

3.22(2.57, 4.13) < 0.01

1.13(0.84, 1.26)

0.21

2.94(2.34, 3.28)

< 0.01

1.26(1.11, 1.38)

0.02

 Voice talking (using an app)

1.12(0.87, 1.31) 0.17

1.22(1.06, 1.45)

0.03

1.86(1.55, 2.16)

< 0.01

1.21(0.80, 1.42)

0.21

 Talking (traditional)

Ref.

1.18(0.94, 1.32)

0.16

1.95(1.79, 2.32)

< 0.01

1.30(0.74, 1.39)

0.33

 Using social media apps

1.39(1.12, 1.78) 0.02

1.27(1.11, 1.54)

< 0.01

1.35(0.94, 1.48)

0.25

1.79(1.54, 2.21)

< 0.01

 Video calling (using an app)

0.82(0.63, 1.08) 0.22

2.31(1.99, 2.67)

< 0.01

1.90(1.70, 2.25)

< 0.01

1.52(0.94, 1.68)

0.28

 Texting messages (using an app)

1.57(1.19, 1.87) < 0.01

1.76(1.50, 2.01)

< 0.01

1.49(1.20, 1.85)

< 0.01

1.70(1.54, 2.16)

< 0.01

 Web surfing

1.12(0.74, 1.36) 0.19

1.68(1.54, 1.90)

0.02

1.39(0.84, 1.46)

0.20

1.39(0.84, 1.46)

0.20

 Gaming

2.81(2.24, 3.37) < 0.01

2.46(2.10, 2.86)

< 0.01

2.31(1.80, 2.74)

< 0.01

2.33(1.75, 2.86)

< 0.01

Students (ref. otherwise)

1.85(1.29, 2.24) < 0.01

1.27(1.08, 1.64)

< 0.01

1.26(0.89, 1.36)

0.16

1.39(1.16, 1.94)

< 0.01

Students x gaming (ref. otherwise)

2.21(2.01, 3.15) < 0.01

1.94(1.64, 2.31)

< 0.01

2.19(1.84, 2.39)

< 0.01

1.87(1.50, 2.24)

< 0.01

Screen size of 5 in. or larger (ref. otherwise)

1.67(1.26, 2.52) < 0.01

2.05(1.84, 2.52)

< 0.01

1.55(1.21, 1.68)

0.03

1.79(1.36, 2.27)

< 0.01

4G Internet data allowance (ref. none)

 Unlimited use

2.60(1.94, 3.37) < 0.01

1.86(1.51, 2.09)

< 0.01

2.08(1.84, 2.45)

< 0.01

1.53(1.22, 1.95)

< 0.01

 Restricted allowance

1.23(0.90, 1.39) 0.24

1.22(0.94, 1.40)

0.23

1.16(0.88, 1.35)

0.33

1.06(0.78, 1.29)

0.28

Unlimited data x gaming (Ref. otherwise)

2.54(0.03, 3.23) < 0.01

2.33(1.95, 2.69)

< 0.01

1.60(1.31, 1.98)

< 0.01

2.16(1.84, 2.57)

< 0.01

ρ 2

0.34

0.31

0.29

0.27