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Table 6 Univariate random effects meta-regression (methods of moments) and subgroup analyses for EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

From: Determinants of participation in voluntary work: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies

 

Subgroup analyses

Results from meta-regression

Results

Heterogeneity

Variable

Subgroup

Number of studies

OR

95% CI

P-value

I 2

Coefficient

SD

P-value

Outcome measurement

Mixed

3

1.199

0.985–1.460

0.000

90%

Reference

Formal

10 (14 different samples)

1.153

1.094–1.215

0.000

81%

−0.0335

0.0591

0.571

Determinant measurement

Dichotomous

5 (9 different samples)

1.256

1.001–1.577

0.000

86%

Reference

Continuous

8

1.130

1.082–1.179

0.000

80%

−0.0922

0.0579

0.111

Proportion of volunteers (%) in baseline study sample

Continuous

9a (13 different samples)

1.162

1.104–1.223

0.000

79%

−0.0001

0.0001

0.176

0–100%

10

1.147

1.088–1.208

0.000

87%

Reference

  

0%

2 (3 different samples)

1.564

1.321–1.853

0.667

0%

0.3080

0.1100

0.005

100%

3 (4 different samples)

1.171

0.870–1.577

0.024

68%

0.0083

0.0720

0.908

Mean age at baseline

Continuous

10b (13 different samples)

1.111

1.064–1.161

0.000

77%

0.0001

0.0001

0.493

≤ 55 years

7 (8 different samples)

1.148

1.025–1.286

0.000

84%

Reference

  

>  55 years

7 (9 different samples)

1.203

1.128–1.284

0.000

84%

0.0711

0.0576

0.217

Continent

USA

6

1.144

1.075–1.218

0.000

84%

Reference

Europe

6 (10 different samples)

1.186

1.055–1.333

0.000

77%

0.0110

0.0598

0.854

Australia

1

1.430

1.283–1.594

N.A.

N.A.

0.2164

0.1049

0.039

Year of baseline measurement

Continuous

13 (17 different samples)

1.171

1.114–1.232

0.000

83%

N.A.

  

<  2006

11 (13 different samples)

1.187

1.125–1.252

0.000

86%

Reference

  

≥ 2006

3 (4 different samples)

1.081

0.852–1.372

0.132

47%

−0.1167

0.0810

0.150

Duration of follow-up

Continuous

13 (17 different samples)

1.171

1.114–1.232

0.000

83%

N.A.

  

≤ 3 years

5 (9 different samples)

1.241

1.114–1.382

0.003

66%

Reference

  

4–7 years

2

1.062

0.974–1.157

0.104

62%

−0.1728

0.1068

0.106

≥ 8 years

6

1.225

1.081–1.389

0.000

91%

−0.0225

0.0840

0.789

Risk of bias items

 Study participation

Unclear/high risk of bias

3 (4 different samples)

1.144

1.089–1.203

0.000

84%

Reference

Low risk of bias

11 (13 different samples)

1.396

0.973–2.004

0.007

75%

0.1620

0.0766

0.034

 Study confounding

Unclear/high risk of bias

2

1.199

1.089–1.321

0.387

0%

Reference

Low risk of bias

11 (15 different samples)

1.171

1.110–1.235

0.000

85%

−0.0105

0.0880

0.905

  1. aThe studies of Ajrouch et al. (2014), Bartels et al. (2013), Parkinson (2010) and Voorpostel & Coffé (2014) are not included in this analysis, because the proportion of volunteers (%) in the baseline study sample is not reported
  2. bThe studies of Bartels et al. (2013), Hank & Erlinghagen (2010) and Parkinson (2010) are not included in this analysis, because the mean age at baseline is not reported