Table 4 Respondents’ Reaction to Measured Warnings
Study | Country | Smoking status | Age groups | Salience | p value | Emotional Reaction | p value | Cognitive Reaction | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hawari et al. | Jordan | Nonsmokers | Young adult | Perceptions of salience between the picture of a child covering mouth vs current pictorial warnings | < 0.001 | Fear elicitation between the picture of a coffin vs current pictorial warnings | < 0.001 | Gaining of information between the picture of a child using inhaler vs current pictorial warnings | < 0.001 |
Hawari et al. | Jordan | Smokers | Young adult | Perceptions of salience between the picture of a child covering mouth vs current pictorial warnings | 0.004 | Fear elicitation between the picture of a coffin vs current pictorial warnings | < 0.001 | Gaining of information between the picture of a child using inhaler vs current pictorial warnings | 0.05 |
Tugrul, T.O. | Turkey | Nonsmokers | Youth | – |  | Fear | < 0.001 | – | – |
Tugrul, T.O. | Turkey | 1st stage smokers | Youth | – |  | Fear | < 0.001 | – | – |
Tugrul, T.O. | Turkey | 2nd stage smokers | Youth | – |  | Fear | < 0.001 | – | – |
Tugrul, T.O. | Turkey | 3rd stage smokers | Youth | – |  | Fear | 0.227 | – | – |
Tugrul, T.O. | Turkey | Nonsmokers | Youth | – |  | Disgust | 0.027 | – | – |
Tugrul, T.O. | Turkey | 1st stage smokers | Youth | – |  | Disgust | < 0.001 | – | – |
Tugrul, T.O. | Turkey | 2nd stage smokers | Youth | – |  | Disgust | 0.033 | – | – |
Tugrul, T.O. | Turkey | 3rd stage smokers | Youth | – |  | Disgust | < 0.001 | – | – |
Fathelarahman et al. | Malaysia | Smokers | Adult | Reading or looking closely after exposure to PHW | 0.607 | – | – | Think of harm after exposure to PHW | 0.004 |
Fathelarahman et al. | Malaysia | Smokers | Adult | Avoid looking after exposure to PHW | < 0.001 | – | – | The change of knowledge after exposure to PHW | < 0.001 |
Yong et al | Thailand | Smokers | Adult | Notice after exposure to new PHW | < 0.001 | – | – | Think of health risk after exposure to new PHW | < 0.001 |
Yong et al | Thailand | Smokers | Adult | Read after exposure to new PHW | < 0.001 | – | – | – | – |
Yong et al | Thailand | Smokers | Adult | Avoid looking after exposure to new PHW | < 0.001 | – | – | – | – |
Yong et al | Malaysia | Smokers | Adult | Notice after exposure to new text-only warning | not sig. | – | – | Think of health risk after exposure to new PHW | not sig. |
Yong et al | Malaysia | Smokers | Adult | Read after exposure to new text-only warning | not sig. | – | – | – | – |
Yong et al | Malaysia | Smokers | Adult | Avoid looking after exposure to new text-only warning | not sig. | – | – | – | – |
Yong et al | Thailand vs. Malaysia | Smokers | Adult | Avoid looking after exposure to new label | < 0.01 | – | – | – | – |
Yong et al | Thailand vs Malaysia | Smokers | Adult | Notice after exposure to new label | < 0.001 | – | – | – | – |
Yong et al | Thailand vs Malaysia | Smokers | Adult | Read after exposure to new label | < 0.05 | – | – | – |  |
Behera et al. | India | Smokers | Adult | Notice or not after exposure to new PHW | > 0.05 | – | – | – | – |
Behera et al. | India | Nonsmokers | Adult | Notice or not after exposure to new PHW | > 0.05 | – | – | – | – |
Awaisu et al. | Qatar | Non-smokers vs smokers | Adult | – |  | Fear | 0.233 | Gaining of more information compared with text-only warning | 0.03 |
Elton-Marshall et al. | China vs. Malaysia | Smokers | Adult | Noticing after changes of warnings | 0.02 | – | – | Thinking about health risks after changes of warnings | 0.13 |
Elton-Marshall et al. | China vs. Malaysia | Smokers | Adult | Reading/looking closely after changes of warnings | 0.04 | – | – | – | – |
Elton-Marshall et al, | China vs. Malaysia | Smokers | Adult | Avoid looking/thinking after the changes of warnings | 0.02 | – | – | – | – |