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Table 3 Demographic Characteristics and Smoking Behaviour of Respondents

From: Perceived effectiveness of pictorial health warnings on changes in smoking behaviour in Asia: a literature review

First Author

Gender of Respondents

Age range (years)/ mean age (years)

Area of Study Location

Education range/level

Occupation

Income range

Smoking behaviour

Smoking Frequency

Types of Cigarette

Highest % of time to first cig

Highest % of cig per day/average

Fathelrahman et al.

Male only

≥ 18

–

(not significant)

(not significant)

(not significant)

At least weekly smokers

–

>  60 min (45.7% in control group & 39.7% in intervention group)

11–20 (48.6% in control group & 55.1% in intervention group)

Fong et al.

Male and Female

13–17; and ≥ 18

Urban

–

–

< 3000 yuan; 3000–6999 yuan; > = 7000 yuan; no answer

Adult: smokers; non-smoker

Youth: never smoker, former smoker, non-daily smoker; daily smoker

–

5–30 min (35%)

–

Zaidi et al.

Male and Female

17

Urban

High school

–

–

Current smokers; non-smokers

Tobacco smoke and sisha smoke

–

–

Hawari et al.

Male and Female

17–26

–

College

Students

–

regular smokers; occasional smokers; and non-smokers

–

–

–

Yong et al.

Male and Female

18- ≥ 55

Rural and urban

≤ secondary

≥ secondary

–

Low, moderate, high; not stated

Nondaily smoker

Daily smoker

RYO and FM Cigarettes

–

Malaysia: 0–10 (55.9%); Thailand:11–20 (47%)

Behera et al.

–

18–25; and 26- ≥ 45

Rural and urban

Illiterate to graduate or above

varied

–

Never consume; Smoking only; both smoking and Chewing

–

–

–

Tugrul, Tugba Orten

Male and Female

19–25

Urban

University

Students

–

non-smokers; 1st stage, 2nd stage, 3rd stage smokers

–

–

–

Awaisu et al.

Male and Female

18- ≥ 41

Urban

Middle school -graduate; and other

Governmental sector; private sector; unemployed; and others

–

never smoker; current smoker; ex-smoker

–

–

–

Wu et al.

Male and Female

< 25; and

25- ≥ 55

Urban

Elementary to graduate or above

varied

≤10,000 RMB; 10.000- ≥ 50,000 RMB

non-smokers

daily smokers

occasional smokers

–

–

–

Sychareun et al.

Male and Female

15–55

Urban; Semi urban; Rural

Illiterate to Master/PhD

varied

–

Non-smoker

Ex-smokers

Daily smokers

Occasional smokers

–

–

–

Elton-Marshall et al.

Male and Female

18–24; and 25- ≥ 55

–

Low to high; and not stated

–

Low, moderate, high; not stated

Daily smokers

weekly smokers

–

Malaysia:

6–30 min (25.4%)

China: ≤ 5 min (27.5%)

Malaysia: 0–10 (47.2%) China:

11–20 (48.3%)

Auemaneekul et al.

Male and Female

15–24

–

School and Collage

–

–

never smoker; current smoker; ex-smokers

–

  

Dien et al.

Male and Female

15–18; and ≥19

Rural and urban

High school (youth) and low to high (adult)

–

≤minimum wage; ≥minimum wage

Youth: Smokers and non-smokers

Adult: smokers

–

≥60 min (39%)

15

Mutti et al.

Male and Female

16–18; and ≥19

–

Low to graduate (youth) and illiterate to graduate or above (adult)

–

Low, moderate, high; not stated

Youth: everyday user; non-daily-user; non-user susceptible; non-user non-susceptible;

Adult: everyday user; non-daily-user

Smoked tobacco, smokeless tobacco, mixed (smoked and smokeless)

–

–

  1. Empty cells indicate the component was not identified