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Table 2 Risk factors for diabetes by gender

From: Prevalence and factors associated with pre-diabetes and diabetes mellitus in Kenya: results from a national survey

Indicator

Both

Female

Male

p-value

%

n

%

n

%

n

Insufficient Physical activitya

80.1

3262

81.2

1999

79.1

1263

0.266

Waist circumference obesity b

31.6

1483

50.2

1287

12.1

196

< 0.001

High sugar intake c

15.0

584

13.5

353

16.5

231

0.105

BMI ≥25 kg/m2

28.1

1224

39.1

912

17.4

312

< 0.001

Low HDL cholesterol e

53.1

2207

59.9

1201

45.9

1006

< 0.001

High blood pressured

24.8

1147

23.6

693

26.0

454

0.178

Current tobacco use f

13.2

485

3.9

104

22.8

381

< 0.001

Harmful use of alcohol g

15.3

469

4.8

82

26.3

387

< 0.001

Bad fat intake h

39.4

1686

35.3

939

43.7

747

0.002

High salt consumption i

89.6

3567

89.1

2151

90.1

1416

0.437

Diabetes j

2.5

135

2.9

42

2.1

93

0.163

Prediabetes k

3.1

142

3.2

55

2.9

87

0.667

High total cholesterol l

7.3

480

9.8

341

4.6

139

0.001

Mean total cholesterol [95% CI]

5.1

[3.0;7.2]

4.0

[2.9;5.0]

6.2

[2.3;10.2]

 

Mean HDL cholesterol [95% CI]

1.19

[1.16;1.22]

1.12

[1.08;1.17]

1.26

[1.21;1.30]

 

Mean glucose [95% CI]

4.6

[4.5;4.7]

4.5

[4.4;4.6]

4.7

[4.6;4.8]

 

Mean systolic blood pressure [95% CI]

124.2

[123.1;125.2]

126.9

[125.5;128.3]

121.6

[120.3;122.9]

 

Mean diastolic pressure [95% CI]

80.4

[79.7;81.1]

80.2

[79.2;81.3]

80.6

[79.8;81.3]

 

Mean age [95% CI]

34.3

[33.4:35.3]

34.6

[33.4;35.9]

34.0

[33.1;35.0]

 

Total (N)

4069

4069

2462

2462

1607

1607

 
  1. aInsufficient physical activity in this study was defined as self-reports of less than 150 min of moderate intensive activity or less than 75 min of vigorous intensive physical activity per week, including walking and cycling, b Central obesity was defined as waist circumference ≥ 94 cm for men and ≥ 80 cm for women, c High sugar intake was defined as self-reports of far too much or too much consumption of sugar in a day, d High blood pressure was defined as a systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg, or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg, or previous diagnosis of hypertension or being on antihypertensive therapy, e Low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) was defined as HDL-C < 1 mmol/l for men and < 1.3 mmol/l for women, f Tobacco use was defined as self-reported current use of smoked tobacco or smokeless tobacco products, g Harmful use of alcohol was defined as consumption of more than 1 standard drink (which is the amount of alcohol you find in a small beer, one glass of wine, or one tot of spirits) per day for females and more than 2 standard drinks for males, h Bad fat intake was defined as self-reported use of saturated fats e.g. lard, margarine, butter and vegetable fat for cooking, I High salt consumption was defined as self-report of far too much or too much consumption of actual salt y and in processed, adding salt when cooking and/or to cooked food, j diabetes was defined as fasting blood glucose of 7 mmol/l or more or a self-report of previous diagnosis of diabetes by a health care professional or currently receiving treatment for diabetes, k Pre-diabetes was defined as impaired fasting blood glucose (IFG) of 6.1 mmol/l to less than 7 mmol/l, l High cholesterol was defined as total cholesterol ≥5.0 mmol/L or are currently on medication for raised cholesterol, Missing data: Physical inactivity (52), sugar intake (1), Hypertension (16), HDL (1), BMI (155), alcohol intake (5), fat intake (3), total cholesterol (1), P-values derived from chi-square test
  2. italicized p-values are significant
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