Table 1 General characteristics of study population for age group and depressive symptoms (n = 4298)
Total | Young adult (n = 1320) | Middle aged(n = 1561) | Elderly(n = 1417) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PHQ-9 < 5 | PHQ-9 ≥ 5 | P | PHQ-9 < 5 | PHQ-9 ≥ 5 | P | PHQ-9 < 5 | PHQ-9 ≥ 5 | P | PHQ-9 < 5 | PHQ-9 ≥ 5 | P | |
Sex, n(%) | ||||||||||||
Men | 1585(53.7) | 278(38.2) | < 0.001 | 444(55.4) | 108(40.3) | < 0.001 | 578(53.4) | 80(37.9) | < 0.001 | 560(50.9) | 90(33.3) | < 0.001 |
Women | 1828(46.3) | 610(61.9) | 538(44.6) | 230(59.7) | 725(46.6) | 178(62.1) | 565(49.1) | 202(66.7) | ||||
Education (years), n(%) | ||||||||||||
≤ 6 | 698(13.5) | 251(19.2) | < 0.001 | 6(0.5) | 4(1.5) | 0.104 | 116(8.0) | 42(14.5) | 0.015 | 576(50.6) | 205(69.4) | < 0.001 |
6–9 | 382(9.5) | 77(7.4) | 19(1.8) | 9(3.1) | 191(13.8) | 36(11.7) | 172(15.2) | 32(11.4) | ||||
9–12 | 1161(39.0) | 294(40.5) | 397(45.1) | 153(49.9) | 535(41.8) | 103(42.9) | 229(21.1) | 38(13.8) | ||||
12< | 1167(38.0) | 265(33.0) | 559(52.6) | 172(45.6) | 460(36.4) | 77(31.0) | 148(13.1) | 16(5.4) | ||||
Non-response | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||||
Income, n(%) | ||||||||||||
1Q | 518(11.4) | 242(21.2) | < 0.001 | 56(6.2) | 35(11.9) | 0.028 | 79(5.7) | 39(14.1) | < 0.001 | 383(33.7) | 168(54.5) | < 0.001 |
2Q | 845(23.8) | 220(27.3) | 219(23.9) | 77(24.4) | 288(21.3) | 79(33.2) | 338(29.3) | 64(25.7) | ||||
3Q | 1028(32.1) | 213(26.3) | 374(35.7) | 112(32.1) | 444(34.8) | 68(27.0) | 210(19.3) | 33(11.5) | ||||
4Q | 1013(32.7) | 206(25.1) | 333(34.2) | 112(31.6) | 491(38.3) | 69(25.7) | 189(17.7) | 25(8.3) | ||||
Non-response | 6 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 2 | ||||
Smoking, n(%) | ||||||||||||
Non-smoker | 2033(56.8) | 553(59.2) | < 0.001 | 615(60.0) | 203(58.1) | 0.008 | 780(53.8) | 158(57.5) | 0.245 | 638(57.1) | 192(64.5) | 0.028 |
Ex-smoker | 691(20.4) | 128(13.2) | 148(16.1) | 40(9.9) | 230(20.8) | 36(15.5) | 313(28.0) | 52(18.0) | ||||
Current smoker | 641(22.8) | 192(27.6) | 212(23.9) | 91(32.0) | 277(25.4) | 62(27.0) | 152(14.9) | 39(17.5) | ||||
Non-response | 45 | 15 | 7 | 4 | 16 | 2 | 22 | 9 | ||||
Alcohol, n(%) | ||||||||||||
No drinker | 1537(40.2) | 422(41.8) | 0.471 | 328(31.3) | 123(33.8) | 0.508 | 576(40.9) | 104(37.7) | 0.38 | 633(56.0) | 195(68.0) | < 0.001 |
Current drinker | 1838(59.8) | 459(58.2) | 651(68.8) | 215(66.2) | 714(59.1) | 153(62.3) | 473(44.0) | 91(32.0) | ||||
Non-response | 35 | 7 | 3 | 0 | 13 | 1 | 19 | 6 | ||||
Physical activity, n(%) | ||||||||||||
No | 1552(41.5) | 445(45.5) | 0.074 | 366(34.5) | 132(36.1) | 0.646 | 571(41.9) | 131(48.9) | 0.072 | 615(54.3) | 182(64.0) | 0.015 |
Yes | 1845(58.5) | 435(54.5) | 616(65.5) | 206(63.9) | 728(58.1) | 126(51.1) | 501(45.7) | 103(36.0) | ||||
Non-response | 13 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 9 | 7 | ||||
BMI (kg/m2), n(%) | ||||||||||||
Underweight | 123(4.0) | 71(8.2) | < 0.001 | 72(7.1) | 42(11.7) | 0.013 | 27(2.0) | 16(5.2) | 0.014 | 24(2.2) | 13(4.3) | 0.296 |
Normal weight | 2202(64.4) | 568(62.9) | 642(65.8) | 213(60.3) | 853(64.0) | 173(67.7) | 707(62.5) | 182(62.1) | ||||
Overweight | 951(27.7) | 205(23.5) | 228(22.9) | 60(20.6) | 371(29.9) | 59(23.5) | 352(31.8) | 86(30.7) | ||||
Obese | 134(4.0) | 44(5.3) | 40(4.1) | 23(7.4) | 52(4.1) | 10(3.6) | 42(3.4) | 11(2.9) | ||||
Diagnosis of depression, n(%) | ||||||||||||
No | 3315(97.7) | 780(86.8) | < 0.001 | 973(99.2) | 308(88.4) | < 0.001 | 1267(97.4) | 221(83.8) | < 0.001 | 1075(95.7) | 251(87.2) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 95(2.2) | 108(13.2) | 9(0.8) | 30(11.6) | 36(2.6) | 37(16.2) | 50(4.3) | 41(12.8) | ||||
Handgrip (kg), mean(SD) | ||||||||||||
Right | 33.52(0.20) | 30.16(0.41) | < 0.001 | 35.38(0.36) | 32.03(0.61) | < 0.001 | 34.47(0.27) | 31.09(0.64) | < 0.001 | 27.84(0.36) | 24.21(0.66) | < 0.001 |
Left | 31.84(0.19) | 28.62(0.39) | < 0.001 | 33.49(0.35) | 30.39(0.61) | < 0.001 | 32.80(0.27) | 29.55(0.63) | < 0.001 | 26.57(0.35) | 22.92(0.61) | < 0.001 |
Relative handgrip (kg/kg/m2), mean(SD) | ||||||||||||
Right | 1.43(0.01) | 1.31(0.02) | < 0.001 | 1.54(0.01) | 1.40(0.03) | < 0.001 | 1.44(0.01) | 1.34(0.03) | 0.001 | 1.17(0.02) | 1.05(0.03) | < 0.001 |
Left | 1.35(0.01) | 1.24(0.02) | < 0.001 | 1.45(0.01) | 1.33(0.03) | < 0.001 | 1.37(0.01) | 1.28(0.03) | 0.001 | 1.12(0.01) | 0.99(0.03) | < 0.001 |