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Table 5 Overview of determinants of retirement timing according to countries from articles with hypotheses

From: Domains and determinants of retirement timing: A systematic review of longitudinal studies

 

The Netherlands

Denmark

Sweden

Germany

France

UK

Europe

USA

Australia

Demographic factors

 Education (high vs low)

[21, 22]

  

[21]

 

[21]

 

[23]

 

 Gender (female)

[21]

  

[21]

 

[21]

   

Health

 Having a disease (y/n)

 

[24]

  

[26]

 

[20]

 

[29]

 # days of treatment

 

[24]

       

 # of admissions

 

[24]

       

General health

 Poor health

[21, 27, 28, 32]

[26]

 

[21]

 

[21]

[31]

  

 Subjective life expectancy

[7]

        

 Health limitations

   

[30]

 

[30]

   

 Latent health

   

[30]

 

[30]

   

Lifestyle

 Overweight; obese vs normal

      

[31]

  

 Physical activity (low vs high)

      

[31]

  

 (ex-)smoker vs non-smoker

      

[31]

  

 Excessive alcohol intake (y/n)

      

[31]

  

Social factors

 Partner employed (y/n)

[21]

  

[21]

 

[21]

   

Social participation

 Providing care (y/n)

      

[20]

  

 Member of a club (y/n)

      

[20]

  

 Following general or higher education (y/n)

      

[20]

  

 Following vocational or training course (y/n)

      

[20]

  

 Satisfaction with leisure time (y/n)

      

[20]

  

Work characteristics

 Working fulltime

[22]

     

[20]

  

 Hourly wage

[21]

  

[21]

 

[21]

   

 Tenure before age of 50 years

[21]

  

[21]

 

[21]

   

 Sector of work

[22, 27]

        

 Occupational class (lower vs upper)

[22]

        

 Irregular work (y/n)

[34]

        

 Larger firm size

[22]

        

Job demands

 Physically demanding job

[34]

     

[31]

  

 High time pressure

[34]

     

[31]

  

 Job satisfaction (low vs high)

      

[20]

  

 Low job control

      

[31]

  

 Low rewards

      

[31]

  

 Challenge at work

[34]

        

Contextual factors

 Firm specific training

       

[33]

 

 Child to teacher ratio in day-care sector

 

[25]

       

 Training opportunities

[34]

        

 Place to work/ time flexibility

[34]

        

 Use of seniority scheme

[34]

        

 Opportunities to grow

[34]

        

 Retirement behaviour among colleagues

[34]

        

 Support supervisor prolonged work participation

[34]

        

Financial factors

 Higher personal income

      

[20]

  

 Social security wealth

       

[35]

 

Health insurance coverage

Employer provided and RHB; non-employer; none vs employer provided but no RHB

       

[36]

 

 Replacement rate (% of income a worker receives when ER, DP, unemployed)

[28]

        

Retirement factors

 Retirement preferences: earlier vs later

  

[37]

      

Macro effects

 Policy change (RET/FRA) (y/n)

       

[12]

 

Birth cohort (related to pension regime) (≥1946=reference)

 ≤1939

[22]

        

 1940-45

[22]

        

 Calendar time effects

[28]

        
  1. Abbreviations: DP disability pension, ER early retirement, FRA full retirement age, RET retirement earnings test, RHB retiree health benefits