|
Detoxification discharge status
|
DAMA
|
Routine
|
Transfer to further treatment
|
DAMA (1) vs. routine (0)
|
DAMA (1) vs. transfer to further treatment (0)
|
|---|
|
Sample size, unweighted N (weighted row %)
|
36,885 (13.67%)
|
208,291 (76.65%)
|
25,566 (9.44%)
|
219,536b
|
54,832b
|
|---|
|
Weighted column %/Adjusted odds ratio (AOR)
|
%
|
(95% CI)
|
%
|
(95% CI)
|
%
|
(95% CI)
|
AOR
|
(95% CI)
|
p value‡
|
AOR
|
(95% CI)
|
p value‡
|
|---|
|
Age group, years
|
|
12–17
|
0.25
|
(0.16–0.40)
|
0.79
|
(0.47–1.34)
|
0.91
|
(0.59–1.42)
|
0.39
|
(0.26–0.57)
|
< 0.001
|
0.34
|
(0.19–0.61)
|
< 0.001
|
|
18–25
|
16.16
|
(14.42–18.07)
|
13.56
|
(12.41–14.79)
|
13.82
|
(12.51–15.24)
|
1.00
| |
1.00
| |
|
26–34
|
27.20
|
(25.96–28.48)
|
21.94
|
(20.86–23.05)
|
20.51
|
(19.45–21.62)
|
0.98
|
(0.93–1.03)
|
0.469
|
1.06
|
(0.98–1.16)
|
0.157
|
|
35–49
|
44.65
|
(42.43–46.88)
|
45.30
|
(43.68–46.94)
|
43.39
|
(41.34–45.46)
|
0.72
|
(0.67–0.78)
|
< 0.001
|
0.85
|
(0.76–0.94)
|
0.003
|
|
50–64
|
11.17
|
(10.10–12.34)
|
16.89
|
(15.77–18.08)
|
18.17
|
(16.99–19.42)
|
0.53
|
(0.48–0.58)
|
< 0.001
|
0.56
|
(0.49–0.63)
|
< 0.001
|
|
65+
|
0.57
|
(0.45–0.71)
|
1.51
|
(1.32–1.73)
|
3.19
|
(2.64–3.84)
|
0.33
|
(0.27–0.40)
|
< 0.001
|
0.18
|
(0.14–0.24)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Sex
|
|
Male
|
70.99
|
(69.35–72.57)
|
64.30
|
(62.99–65.58)
|
64.91
|
(63.01–66.76)
| | | | |
|
Female
|
28.87
|
(27.29–30.49)
|
35.58
|
(34.31–36.87)
|
35.00
|
(33.16–36.89)
|
0.88
|
(0.85–0.91)
|
< 0.001
|
0.85
|
(0.80–0.91)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Race/Ethnicity
|
|
White, non-Hispanic
|
43.23
|
(38.42–48.18)
|
44.48
|
(40.77–48.24)
|
48.73
|
(44.72–52.77)
|
1.00
| |
1.00
| |
|
Black, non-Hispanic
|
19.98
|
(16.75–23.66)
|
20.94
|
(17.70–24.61)
|
20.54
|
(17.31–24.20)
|
0.84
|
(0.74–0.96)
|
0.011
|
1.03
|
(0.85–1.25)
|
0.762
|
|
Hispanic
|
13.15
|
(9.70–17.60)
|
8.97
|
(7.18–11.17)
|
9.95
|
(7.86–12.53)
|
0.98
|
(0.86–1.12)
|
0.758
|
1.11
|
(0.83–1.47)
|
0.481
|
|
Asian/Pacific-Islander/Native-American
|
0.63
|
(0.46–0.86)
|
0.68
|
(0.52–0.90)
|
0.65
|
(0.50–0.85)
|
1.02
|
(0.79–1.32)
|
0.851
|
1.37
|
(1.01–1.85)
|
0.044
|
|
Other races, non-Hispanic
|
5.52
|
(3.68–8.20)
|
3.54
|
(2.56–4.87)
|
3.95
|
(2.87–5.40)
|
1.07
|
(0.88–1.31)
|
0.490
|
1.25
|
(0.95–1.66)
|
0.112
|
|
Unknowna
|
14.21
|
(10.74-18.57)
|
17.81
|
(14.20–22.10)
|
12.39
|
(9.66–15.76)
|
1.07
|
(0.88–1.31)
|
0.485
|
1.24
|
(0.90–1.69)
|
0.183
|
|
Household income
|
|
Lowest quartile
|
37.70
|
(33.71–41.87)
|
36.93
|
(34.05–39.92)
|
30.66
|
(27.26–34.28)
|
1.00
| |
1.00
| |
|
2nd quartile
|
19.81
|
(17.95–21.82)
|
20.90
|
(19.65–22.21)
|
21.03
|
(18.68–23.59)
|
1.00
|
(0.93–1.07)
|
0.938
|
0.79
|
(0.65–0.95)
|
0.012
|
|
3rd quartile
|
17.03
|
(15.28–18.93)
|
18.65
|
(17.32–20.06)
|
21.62
|
(18.24–25.43)
|
0.93
|
(0.86–1.00)
|
0.055
|
0.66
|
(0.51–0.86)
|
0.002
|
|
Highest quartile
|
16.94
|
(14.34–19.91)
|
17.68
|
(15.99–19.50)
|
18.14
|
(15.99–20.50)
|
0.90
|
(0.81–1.00)
|
0.060
|
0.78
|
(0.66–0.93)
|
0.006
|
|
Primary expected payer
|
|
Medicare
|
9.08
|
(8.21–10.04)
|
11.98
|
(11.20–12.80)
|
15.13
|
(13.36–17.09)
|
1.62
|
(1.50–1.75)
|
< 0.001
|
1.38
|
(1.20–1.59)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Medicaid
|
47.27
|
(42.00–52.60)
|
38.61
|
(34.70–42.67)
|
39.92
|
(35.29–44.74)
|
1.64
|
(1.49–1.81)
|
< 0.001
|
1.60
|
(1.33–1.91)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Private
|
14.85
|
(12.75–17.24)
|
23.89
|
(21.46–26.50)
|
24.35
|
(21.30–27.68)
|
1.00
| |
1.00
| |
|
Self-pay
|
22.08
|
(18.33–26.35)
|
18.67
|
(15.78–21.96)
|
12.34
|
(10.76–14.13)
|
1.68
|
(1.49–1.89)
|
< 0.001
|
2.43
|
(1.94–3.06)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Other payers
|
6.57
|
(4.74–9.04)
|
6.62
|
(5.41–8.07)
|
8.07
|
(5.81–11.12)
|
1.70
|
(1.35–2.13)
|
< 0.001
|
0.99
|
(0.74–1.33)
|
0.954
|
|
Hospital region
|
|
Northeast
|
58.49
|
(51.60–65.06)
|
40.51
|
(35.16–46.09)
|
51.11
|
(44.61–57.58)
|
1.00
| |
1.00
| |
|
Midwest
|
16.41
|
(12.45–21.31)
|
22.04
|
(17.65–27.17)
|
13.67
|
(10.98–16.88)
|
0.60
|
(0.50–0.72)
|
< 0.001
|
1.30
|
(0.89–1.90)
|
0.180
|
|
South
|
17.01
|
(12.68–22.43)
|
27.08
|
(22.91–31.69)
|
20.37
|
(16.55–24.79)
|
0.53
|
(0.44–0.63)
|
< 0.001
|
1.01
|
(0.72–1.41)
|
0.967
|
|
West
|
8.10
|
(6.25–10.44)
|
10.37
|
(8.47–12.64)
|
14.86
|
(11.11–19.59)
|
0.77
|
(0.65–0.92)
|
0.004
|
0.78
|
(0.57–1.06)
|
0.115
|
|
Hospital location
|
|
Rural
|
5.87
|
(3.93–8.67)
|
7.01
|
(5.36–9.14)
|
8.57
|
(6.20–11.72)
|
1.00
| |
1.00
| |
|
Urban
|
94.10
|
(91.30–96.04)
|
92.84
|
(90.71–94.50)
|
91.34
|
(88.19–93.71)
|
1.04
|
(0.81–1.33)
|
0.768
|
1.75
|
(1.28–2.40)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Any-listed alcohol use disorder
|
|
No
|
55.93
|
(51.94–59.85)
|
59.05
|
(55.91–62.12)
|
48.59
|
(45.67–51.51)
|
1.00
| |
1.00
| |
|
Yes
|
44.07
|
(40.15–48.06)
|
40.95
|
(37.88–44.09)
|
51.41
|
(48.49–54.33)
|
1.13
|
(1.06–1.21)
|
< 0.001
|
0.83
|
(0.75–0.92)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Any-listed opioid use disorder
|
|
No
|
18.92
|
(16.60–21.47)
|
25.36
|
(23.21–27.63)
|
32.61
|
(29.82–35.53)
|
1.00
| |
1.00
| |
|
Yes
|
81.08
|
(78.53–83.40)
|
74.64
|
(72.37–76.79)
|
67.39
|
(64.47–70.18)
|
1.33
|
(1.23–1.45)
|
< 0.001
|
1.73
|
(1.49–2.02)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Any-listed any non-addiction mental health disorderc
|
|
No
|
67.58
|
(65.03–70.03)
|
50.19
|
(47.39–52.99)
|
45.03
|
(41.95–48.14)
|
1.00
| |
1.00
| |
|
Yes
|
32.42
|
(29.97–34.97)
|
49.81
|
(47.01–52.61)
|
54.97
|
(51.86–58.05)
|
0.58
|
(0.54–0.62)
|
< 0.001
|
0.46
|
(0.42–0.51)
|
< 0.001
|
- DAMA discharges against medical advice, AOR adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval
- ‡We reduced the significant level to 0.01 due to a relatively large sample. Boldface: p < 0.01
- aRace/ethnicity information were not available in some states in some years, which were coded into unknown category
- bHospitalizations with missing values or zero trend weight were excluded. The regression model included all variables listed in the first column and controlled for survey year
- cAny mental health disorder included adjustment disorders, anxiety disorders, attention-deficit, conduct, and disruptive behavior disorders, impulse control disorders, mood disorders, personality disorders, schizophrenia, psychotic, delusional disorders
