Disease-specific health literacy, disease knowledge, and adherence behavior among patients with type 2 diabetes in Taiwan

Table 5 Hierarchical liner modeling of the relationship of health literacy and diabetes-specific health knowledge with adherence behavior

Independent	Health Literacy ^a	Diabetes-Specific Health Knowledge^b	Adherence Behavior
	Health Literacy ^a	Diabetes-Specific Health Knowledge^b	Model 1^c	Model 2^d
	β coefficient	β coefficient	β coefficient	β coefficient
Age	−0.01*	−0.01	0.08***	0.08***
Gender (Female)
Male	−0.02	0.12	−0.75**	−0.83**
Educational Attainment (Primary school or less)
Junior High	0.25	0.68***	0.03	0.28
Senior High	0.18	0.41*	1.13**	1.43**
College Or Higher	0.20	0.35	1.84***	2.01***
Residential Area (Northern)
Central	0.28*	−0.12	2.43***	2.20***
Southern	−0.46***	0.20	0.15	−0.09
Eastern & Outer Islands	0.14	−0.37	0.21	0.79
Patient Caregiver (Self)
Others	0.20	0.23	−0.46	−0.34
Self + Others	0.50***	0.44***	0.65*	0.57
Specialty Visited (Others)
Endocrinology & Metabolism	−0.09	−0.28	0.13***	1.22***
Insulin Use (No)
Yes	−0.16	0.03	−0.02	− 0.21
【Health Literacy】
Functional Literacy				0.07
Communicative Literacy				−0.40
Critical Literacy				−0.21
【Diabetes Knowledge】
Healthy Diet				−0.22
Exercise				−4.03*
Glycemic Monitoring				0.39
Problem Solving				0.26
Risks Reduction				0.11
Healthy Coping				−0.004
Random Effect
Variance of Health Care Facility Level (Residual)	0.014(0.020)	0.211(0.185)	0.182(0.223)	0.135(0.194)
Intra-Class Correlation (ICC)	0.008	0.055	0.011	0.008
p Value	0.234	0.128	0.207	0.243

This table reports standardized beta coefficients
Intra-Class Correlation (ICC) = Variance of health care facility level /(Variance of health care facility level + residual)
Regression equations:
^ahealth literacy = demographic variables
^bdisease-specific health knowledge = demographic variables
^cadherence behavior model 1: adherence behavior = demographic variables
^dadherence behavior model 2: adherence behavior = demographic variables + health literacy + disease-specific knowledge
* p < 0.05,** p < 0.01,*** p < 0.001

ISSN: 1471-2458