Table 2 HIV risk environment factors associated with bacterial vaginosis among female sex workers who inject drugs in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez, Mexico (N = 584)
Ciudad Juarez (n = 300) | Tijuana (n = 284) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Overall (N = 584) | BV+ (n = 158) | BV- (n = 142) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Total (n = 300) | BV+ (n = 70) | BV- (n = 214) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Total (n = 284) |
Physical Risk Environment | |||||||||
Micro-physical | |||||||||
Lifetime residence in home city | 251 (43.0) | 94 (59.5) | 66 (46.5) | 1.69 (1.07–2.67)* | 160 (53.3%) | 25 (35.7) | 66 (30.8) | 1.25 (0.71–2.20) | 91 (32%) |
Street based sex worka | 509 (87.2) | 146 (92.4) | 128 (90.1) | 1.33 (0.59–2.98) | 274 (91.3%) | 56 (80.0) | 179 (83.6) | 0.78 (0.39–1.56) | 235 (82.8%) |
Median # hours spent on the street (IQR)i,b | 10 (7, 15) | 9 (7, 12) | 10 (7, 12) | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) | 9 (7, 12) | 15 (10, 20) | 12 (7, 18) | 1.05 (1.01–1.09)* | 12 (8, 18) |
Mostly homelessj,c | 35 (6.0) | 4 (2.5) | 5 (3.5) | 0.71 (0.19–2.70) | 9 (3%) | 8 (11.4) | 18 (8.4) | 1.41 (0.58–3.39) | 26 (9.2%) |
Ever raped | 293 (50.7) | 99 (62.7) | 85 (59.9) | 1.13 (0.71–1.79) | 184 (61.3%) | 24 (34.8) | 85 (40.7) | 0.78 (0.44–1.37) | 109 (39.2%) |
Sexually abused/raped as a child | 194 (33.6) | 66 (41.8) | 60 (42.3) | 0.98 (0.62–1.55) | 126 (42%) | 15 (22.1) | 53 (25.4) | 0.83 (0.43–1.60) | 68 (24.6%) |
Sexually abused/raped by clienti | 129 (22.6) | 46 (29.5) | 35 (24.8) | 1.27 (0.76–2.12) | 81 (27.3%) | 14 (20.6) | 34 (16.4) | 1.32 (0.66–2.64) | 48 (17.5%) |
Ever physically abused | 280 (48.5) | 100 (63.3) | 89 (62.7) | 1.03 (0.64–1.64) | 189 (63%) | 23 (33.8) | 68 (32.5) | 1.06 (0.59–1.89) | 91 (32.9%) |
Physically abused as a child | 140 (24.3) | 54 (34.2) | 41 (28.9) | 1.28 (0.78–2.09) | 95 (31.7%) | 9 (13.4) | 36 (17.2) | 0.75 (0.34–1.64) | 45 (16.3%) |
Ever been arrested | 434 (74.6) | 125 (79.1) | 119 (83.8) | 0.73 (0.41–1.32) | 244 (81.3%) | 51 (72.9) | 139 (65.6) | 1.41 (0.78–2.56) | 190 (67.4%) |
Ever experienced physical violence or a threat of physical violence when proposing to use a condomd | 90 (15.4) | 38 (24.1) | 15 (10.6) | 2.68 (1.40–5.12)** | 53 (17.7%) | 9 (12.9) | 28 (13.2) | 0.97 (0.44–2.18) | 37 (13.1%) |
Macro-physical | |||||||||
Ever traveled to the United States | 300 (51.4) | 70 (44.3) | 73 (51.4) | 0.75 (0.48–1.18) | 143 (47.7%) | 36 (51.4) | 121 (56.5) | 0.81 (0.47–1.40) | 157 (55.3%) |
Ever deported from the United States | 51 (8.8) | 7 (4.4) | 3 (2.1) | 2.13 (0.54–8.41) | 10 (3.3%) | 8 (11.4) | 33 (15.9) | 0.68 (0.30–1.56) | 41 (14.8%) |
Social Risk Environment | |||||||||
Micro-social | |||||||||
Infrequent condom use with clients for vaginal sexj,e | 250 (42.9) | 100 (63.3) | 87 (61.7) | 1.07 (0.67–1.71) | 187 (62.5%) | 17 (24.3) | 46 (21.6) | 1.16 (0.62–2.20) | 63 (22.3%) |
Infrequent condom use with clients for anal sexj,e | 102 (22.4) | 32 (29.9) | 33 (30.8) | 0.96 (0.53–1.71) | 65 (30.4%) | 4 (7.6) | 33 (17.5) | 0.39 (0.13–1.14) | 37 (15.3%) |
Median number of condomless vaginal sex acts with clients (IQR)j | 29 (9, 57) | 28 (11, 60) | 40 (12, 70) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 32.5 (12, 64) | 19.5 (7.5, 49.5) | 27 (5.5, 50) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 25 (6, 50) |
Reports being able to use a condom properly | 491 (85.2) | 140 (89.7) | 124 (88.6) | 1.13 (0.54–2.35) | 264 (89.2) | 61 (88.4) | 166 (78.7) | 2.07 (0.92–4.63) | 227 (81.1) |
Reports being able to use a condom each time they have sex | 484 (83.6) | 139 (88.5) | 121 (86.4) | 1.21 (0.61–2.42) | 260 (87.5%) | 58 (84.06) | 166 (77.9) | 1.49 (0.73–3.07) | 224 (79.4%) |
Reports being able to have condoms available each time they have sex | 391 (67.3) | 87 (55.1) | 85 (60.3) | 0.81 (0.51–1.28) | 172 (57.5%) | 54 (78.3) | 165 (77.5) | 1.05 (0.54–2.02) | 219 (77.7%) |
Reports being able to use a condom under the influence of drugs or alcohol | 376 (64.8) | 93 (59.2) | 88 (62.4) | 0.88 (0.55–1.40) | 181 (60.7%) | 50 (71.4) | 145 (68.4) | 1.16 (0.64–2.10) | 195 (69.2%) |
Reports being able to use a condom without any instruction | 473 (81.6) | 134 (84.8) | 124 (87.9) | 0.77 (0.39–1.49) | 258 (86.3%) | 57 (82.6) | 158 (74.5) | 1.62 (0.81–3.25) | 215 (76.5%) |
Economic Risk Environment | |||||||||
Micro-economic | |||||||||
Monthly average income of ≥ $3500 pesos or $350 USDf | 276 (47.6) | 96 (60.8) | 84 (59.2) | 1.07 (0.67–1.70) | 180 (60%) | 19 (27.5) | 77 (36.5) | 0.66 (0.36–1.20) | 96 (34.3%) |
Median average amount earned per condom-protected sex transactiong | 15 (10, 20) | 10 (10,15) | 10 (10, 15) | 1.00 (0.96–1.05) | 10 (10, 15) | 20 (20, 30) | 20 (20, 30) | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 20 (20, 30) |
Median average amount earned per condomless sex transactiong | 20 (15, 30) | 15 (10, 20) | 15 (10, 25) | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 15 (10, 20) | 20 (20, 40) | 25 (20, 35) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 25 (20, 40) |
Reported earning more for condomless sexi | 269 (47.4) | 97 (62.2) | 89 (63.6) | 0.94 (0.59–1.51) | 186 (62.8%) | 19 (28.4) | 64 (31.4) | 0.87 (0.47–1.59) | 83 (30.6%) |
Police solicited bribes instead of arresti,h | 360 (61.9) | 121 (76.6) | 95 (66.9) | 1.62 (0.97–2.69) | 216 (72%) | 38 (54.3) | 106 (50.0) | 1.19 (0.69–2.04) | 144 (51.1%) |
Policy Risk Environment | |||||||||
Micro-policy | |||||||||
Self-reported ever being tested for HIV | 292 (50.1) | 77 (48.7) | 71 (50.0) | 0.95 (0.60–1.50) | 148 (49.3%) | 40 (57.1) | 104 (48.8) | 1.40 (0.81–2.41) | 144 (50.9%) |
Attended a needle exchange programj | 60 (10.3) | 16 (10.1) | 18 (12.8) | 0.77 (0.38–1.57) | 34 (11.4%) | 9 (12.9) | 17 (8.0) | 1.69 (0.72–3.99) | 26 (9.2%) |
Ever enrolled in drug treatment | 297 (50.9) | 100 (63.3) | 78 (54.9) | 1.41 (0.89–2.25) | 178 (59.3%) | 31 (44.3) | 88 (41.3) | 1.13 (0.65–1.95) | 119 (42.1%) |