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Table 2 Means, standard deviations, and main effects for group on the outcome measures (N = 180)

From: Examining the relationship between sports participation and youth developmental outcomes for socially vulnerable youth

Group

Time 1

Time 2

   

no sport

moderate

high

no sport

moderate

high

   

Variable

M

SD

M

SD

M

SD

M

SD

M

SD

M

SD

F

p

ɳ2

Problem behaviour

12.31

5.25

10.18

4.63

10.47

5.02

12.20

4.90

10.68

4.70

10.95

4.91

2842

.061

.036

Pro-social behaviour

6.92

1.99

7.51

1.79

7.68

1.88

6.87

1.65

7.25

1.87

7.82

1.99

4307

.015

.047

Planning

2.50

0.59

2.31

0.50

2.49

0.64

2.41

0.61

2.32

0.63

2.57

0.61

1374

.257

.021

Monitoring

2.54

0.52

2.44

0.51

2.59

0.65

2.40

0.60

2.47

0.61

2.56

0.66

0.450

.638

.007

Effort

2.59

0.50

2.67

0.45

2.78

0.56

2.58

0.53

2.66

0.51

2.75

0.49

1909

.152

.029

Sense of coherence

31.11

8.02

36.30

7.27

34.53

7.71

31.24

8.06

35.81

7.24

33.33

7.72

6374

.002

.072

  1. M mean, SD standard deviation, F statistics obtained from the between-subjects effects; the grouping variable is “average frequency of sports participation per week” at T2: no-sport group (0), moderate-sport group (once or twice a week), high-sport group (three or more times a week); the internal consistency of the variables: Problem behaviour (T1 α = .73; T2 α = .72), pro-social behaviour (T1 α = .61; T2 α = .67), planning T1 α = .85; T2 α = 87), monitoring (T1 α = .78; T2 α = .82), effort (T1 α = .83: T1 α = .83), sense of coherence (T1 α = .83; T2 α = .84)