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Table 3 Multinomial logistic regression for child overweight including obesity (A), and thinness (B), compared to normal weighted at age 4–5 years

From: Contrasting patterns of overweight and thinness among preschool children of different ethnic groups in Norway, and relations with maternal and early life factors

Candidate factors

A. Overweight

B. Thinness

Unadjusted OR

Final model

Unadjusted OR

Final model

OR

95% CI

p-value

OR

95% CI

p-value

OR

95% CI

p-value

OR

95% CI

p-value

Ethnic origin

            

Europe (reference)

            

South Asia, unadjusted

0.46

0.21–1.0

0.53

0.55

0.24–1.27

0.2

2.79

0.74–4.7

< 0.001

2.20

1.25–3.87

0.006

Middle East/North Africa

2.04

1.16–3.57

0.01

1.98

1.08–3.63

0.03

0.29

0.74–20.8

0.3

1.27

0.63–2.57

0.5

Age

0.96

0.91–1.02

0.2

0.93

0.88–0.99

0.02

0.97

0.92–1.02

0.2

1.00

0.94–1.05

0.9

Prepregnant BMI, categorized

 Normal weight (reference)

            

 Underweight

0.44

0.06–3.40

0.4

0.45

0.06–3.72

0.5

1.80

0.82–4.0

0.1

1.89

0.81–4.43

0.1

 Overweight including obesity

3.01

1.78–5.09

< 0.001

2.65

1.52–4.61

0.001

0.47

0.27–0.83

0.009

0.50

0.28–0.90

0.02

Parity

 Para 0 (reference)

            

 Para 1 or more

1.11

0.68–1.83

0.7

   

0.91

0.58–1.42

0.7

   

Education

 University/college (reference)

            

 High School/Upper secondary school

1.58

0.90–1.79

0.1

   

1.24

0.76–2.05

0.4

   

 Primary school or less

2.00

1.04–4.00

0.04

   

1.26

0.66–2.41

0.5

   

Prepregnant regular physical activitya

 Yes (reference)

            

 No

1.67

0.93–3.02

0.09

   

1.26

0.76–1.08

0.4

   

Gestational diabetes mellitusb

 No (reference)

            

 Yes

1.69

1.01–2.84

0.047

   

1.09

0.67–1.78

0.7

   

Cluster healthy/non-Healthy nutritionc

 Healthy (reference)

            

 Non-healthy

0.76

0.35–1.66

0.5

   

1.88

1.07–3.28

0.03

   

Sex, child

 Male (reference)

            

 Female

1.52

0.92–2.52

0.1

1.73

0.99–3.01

0.05

0.74

0.47–1.16

0.2

   

Birth weight (per 100 g)

1.12

1.07–1.18

< 0.001

1.11

1.05–1.18

< 0.001

0.93

0.90–0.97

0.001

0.96

0.92–1.01

0.1

Breast-feeding 3 months postpartum

 Yes (reference)

            

 No

1.58

0.79–3.18

0.2

   

1.07

0.52–2.17

0.9

   
  1. a Self-reported, based on validated questionnaire
  2. b Defined by WHO 2013 criteria; fasting glucose ≥5.1 mmol/l and/or 2-h plasma glucose ≥8.5 mmol/l
  3. cCollected by food frequency questionnaire in week 28 of pregnancy, and defined by cluster analysis on 55 variables of intake
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