|
Models
|
Men
|
Women
|
|---|
|
Level of education
|
Change in educational inequality
|
Level of education
|
Change in educational inequality
|
|---|
|
Lowest
|
High
|
Absolute decline c
|
Percentage decline c
|
Lowest
|
High
|
Absolute declinec
|
Percentage declinec
|
|---|
|
HRa
|
(95% CI)b
|
Ref.
| |
%
|
(95% CI)d
|
HRa
|
(95% CI)b
|
Ref.
| |
%
|
(95% CI)d
|
|---|
|
0. No additional controls
|
1.58
|
(1.37, 1.83)
|
1
| | | |
1.59
|
(1.25, 2.02)
|
1
| | | |
|
1. Material
|
1.18
|
(0.99, 1.40)
|
1
|
0.40
|
67%
|
(46%, 103%)
|
1.29
|
(1.00, 1.66)
|
1
|
0.30
|
51%
|
(29%, 93%)
|
|
Financial difficulties
|
1.51
|
(1.30, 1.75)
|
1
|
0.07
|
12%
|
(4%, 24%)
|
1.49
|
(1.17, 1.90)
|
1
|
0.10
|
17%
|
(9%, 34%)
|
|
Housing tenure
|
1.40
|
(1.20, 1.63)
|
1
|
0.18
|
31%
|
(18%, 49%)
|
1.41
|
(1.10, 1.81)
|
1
|
0.18
|
31%
|
(15%, 56%)
|
|
Health insurance
|
1.27
|
(1.07, 1.51)
|
1
|
0.31
|
53%
|
(31%, 81%)
|
1.40
|
(1.09, 1.80)
|
1
|
0.19
|
32%
|
(15%, 61%)
|
|
2. Employment-related
|
1.42
|
(1.18, 1.71)
|
1
|
0.16
|
28%
|
(3%, 58%)
|
1.39
|
(1.07, 1.81)
|
1
|
0.20
|
34%
|
(2%, 55%)
|
|
Employment
|
1.41
|
(1.21, 1.63)
|
1
|
0.17
|
29%
|
(20%, 45%)
|
1.63
|
(1.27, 2.08)
|
1
|
−0.04
|
−7%
|
(−22%, 2%)
|
|
Occ. of the breadwinnere
|
1.54
|
(1.28, 1.85)
|
1
|
0.04
|
7%
|
(−20%, 37%)
|
1.35
|
(1.04, 1.75)
|
1
|
0.24
|
41%
|
(8%, 59%)
|
|
3. Behavioural factors
|
1.39
|
(1.20, 1.62)
|
1
|
0.19
|
33%
|
(16%, 50%)
|
1.37
|
(1.06, 1.75)
|
1
|
0.22
|
37%
|
(15%, 77%)
|
|
Alcohol consumption
|
1.55
|
(1.34, 1.79)
|
1
|
0.03
|
5%
|
(−3, 14%)
|
1.61
|
(1.26, 2.06)
|
1
|
−0.02
|
−3%
|
(−20%, 10%)
|
|
BMI
|
1.55
|
(1.34, 1.79)
|
1
|
0.03
|
5%
|
(1%, 11%)
|
1.57
|
(1.23, 2.00)
|
1
|
0.02
|
3%
|
(−5%, 12%)
|
|
Smoking
|
1.50
|
(1.30, 1.73)
|
1
|
0.08
|
14%
|
(3%, 26%)
|
1.48
|
(1.16, 1.89)
|
1
|
0.11
|
19%
|
(4%, 41%)
|
|
Leisure activity
|
1.59
|
(1.38, 1.84)
|
1
|
−0.01
|
−2%
|
(−7%, 4%)
|
1.53
|
(1.20, 1.95)
|
1
|
0.06
|
10%
|
(1%, 22%)
|
|
Sports activity
|
1.49
|
(1.29, 1.72)
|
1
|
0.09
|
16%
|
(9%, 27%)
|
1.49
|
(1.17, 1.90)
|
1
|
0.10
|
17%
|
(8%, 34%)
|
|
4. Family-related factors
|
1.57
|
(1.36, 1.81)
|
1
|
0.01
|
2%
|
(−7%, 11%)
|
1.62
|
(1.27, 2.07)
|
1
|
−0.03
|
−5%
|
(−25%, 6%)
|
|
Marital status
|
1.57
|
(1.36, 1.81)
|
1
|
0.01
|
2%
|
(−4%, 10%)
|
1.61
|
(1.26, 2.06)
|
1
|
−0.02
|
−3%
|
(−22%, 6%)
|
|
Living arrangement
|
1.56
|
(1.35, 1.81)
|
1
|
0.02
|
3%
|
(−3%, 9%)
|
1.58
|
(1.24, 2.01)
|
1
|
0.01
|
2%
|
(−3%, 6%)
|
|
Number of children
|
1.56
|
(1.35, 1.81)
|
1
|
0.02
|
3%
|
(−2%, 10%)
|
1.65
|
(1.29, 2.10)
|
1
|
−0.06
|
−10%
|
(−26%, −1%)
|
|
5. All factors
|
1.22
|
(1.00, 1.49)
|
1
|
0.36
|
62%
|
(30%, 101%)
|
1.17
|
(0.89, 1.54)
|
1
|
0.42
|
71%
|
(28%, 123%)
|
- Notes. aHR Mortality hazard ratios. bCI Confidence interval. cNegative absolute and percentage declines indicate an increase in the educational inequality. dConfidence intervals (CIs) of the percentage decline were calculated using bootstraps with 5000 repetitions; 1000 repetitions per imputed dataset. eOcc.: Occupation
