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Table 2 Bivariate associations between the explanatory factors and mortality for men and women

From: What’s the difference? A gender perspective on understanding educational inequalities in all-cause and cause-specific mortality

 

Men

Women

Testing for a gender difference in the bivariate associations (p value)c

HRa

(95% CI)b

HRa

(95% CI)b

Material factors

 Financial difficulties

  No

1

Ref.

1

Ref.

 

  Some

1.16

(1.02, 1.32)

1.28

(1.13, 1.46)

0.278

  Big

1.41

(1.06, 1.87)

1.45

(1.13, 1.88)

0.977

 Housing tenure

  Owned home

1

Ref.

1

Ref.

 

  Rented home

1.28

(1.15, 1.43)

1.29

(1.16, 1.44)

0.711

 Health insurance

  Private

1

Ref.

1

Ref.

 

  Public

1.34

(1.18, 1.51)

1.25

(1.11, 1.40)

0.358

Employment-related factors

 Employment

  Employed

1

Ref.

1

Ref.

 

  Unemployed

1.84

(1.58, 2.14)

1.26

(0.97, 1.64)

0.012

  Retired

1.10

(0.95, 1.26)

0.90

(0.71, 1.12)

0.313

  Other

0.92

(0.47, 1.81)

0.86

(0.71, 1.05)

0.979

 Occupation of the breadwinner

  Professional

1

Ref.

1

Ref.

 

  White collar

1.07

(0.91, 1.25)

1.17

(0.99, 1.38)

0.384

  Blue collar

1.03

(0.89, 1.19)

1.31

(1.13, 1.52)

0.026

  Not in the workforce

1.27

(0.87, 1.85)

1.22

(1.04, 1.44)

0.936

Behavioural factors

 Alcohol consumption

  No

1.20

(1.04, 1.38)

1.14

(1.01, 1.28)

0.617

  Light

1

Ref.

1

Ref.

 

  Moderate

1.12

(0.94, 1.32)

1.11

(0.93, 1.32)

0.967

  Heavy

1.71

(1.48, 1.98)

1.60

(1.30, 1.96)

0.527

 Body mass index (BMI)

  Underweight

1.58

(1.20, 2.07)

1.57

(1.26, 1.96)

0.943

  Normal weight

1

Ref.

1

Ref.

 

  Overweight

1.04

(0.94, 1.16)

1.04

(0.92, 1.18)

0.948

  Obesity

1.36

(1.07, 1.74)

1.32

(1.11, 1.58)

0.792

 Smoking

  Current

2.49

(2.05, 3.02)

2.06

(1.83, 2.33)

0.053

  Former

1.33

(1.09, 1.62)

0.96

(0.84, 1.09)

0.008

  Never

1

Ref.

1

Ref.

 

 Leisure activity

  Inactive

1.43

(1.21, 1.69)

1.50

(1.29, 1.75)

0.607

  Little

1.28

(1.10, 1.50)

1.15

(0.99, 1.33)

0.410

  Moderate

1.04

(0.92, 1.17)

1.03

(0.90, 1.17)

0.930

  Active

1

Ref.

1

Ref.

 

 Sports activity

  Inactive

1.26

(1.09, 1.46)

1.41

(1.18, 1.69)

0.317

  Little

1.12

(0.89, 1.43)

1.15

(0.90, 1.47)

0.856

  Moderate

0.96

(0.78, 1.18)

1.09

(0.88, 1.35)

0.377

  Active

1

Ref.

1

Ref.

 

Family-related factors

 Marital status

  Currently married

1

Ref.

1

Ref.

 

  Previously married

1.55

(1.33, 1.79)

1.18

(1.05, 1.33)

0.008

  Never married

1.55

(1.27, 1.90)

1.31

(1.09, 1.58)

0.300

 Living arrangement

  Living with partner

1

Ref.

1

Ref.

 

  Living alone

1.55

(1.35, 1.77)

1.21

(1.08, 1.35)

0.008

 Number of children

  0

1.10

(0.94, 1.28)

1.23

(1.04, 1.44)

0.288

  1

1.01

(0.85, 1.19)

1.20

(1.01, 1.43)

0.128

  2

1

Ref.

1

Ref.

 

  3 or more

0.97

(0.86, 1.09)

0.92

(0.81, 1.04)

0.663

  1. Notes. aHR Hazard ratios. bCI Confidence interval. Mortality hazard ratios of the explanatory variable when controlling for education only. As the Cox regression models included age as timescale, it was unnecessary to also include age as a covariate in the models. cA possible differential association of these explanatory factors with mortality for men and women was determined by adding an interaction term between the explanatory factor and gender and testing its statistical significance (p value)
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BMC Public Health

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