Table 1 Educational gradients in explanatory factors for men and women
Men | Women | Testing for a gender difference in gradient (p value) a | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lowest | Low | Mid | High | Lowest | Low | Mid | High | ||
Material factors | |||||||||
Financial difficulties | |||||||||
No | 65.1% | 76.2% | 83.0% | 92.6% | 62.9% | 78.8% | 83.6% | 90.0% | 0.325 |
Some | 27.4% | 21.3% | 14.8% | 6.5% | 29.5% | 17.7% | 13.8% | 9.0% | 0.430 |
Big | 7.6% | 2.6% | 2.1% | 0.9% | 7.6% | 3.5% | 2.7% | 1.0% | 0.303 |
Housing tenure | |||||||||
Owned home | 29.5% | 48.4% | 62.0% | 76.5% | 34.2% | 53.0% | 67.3% | 74.2% | 0.112 |
Rented home | 70.5% | 51.6% | 38.0% | 23.5% | 65.8% | 47.0% | 32.7% | 25.8% | " |
Health insurance | |||||||||
Private | 7.8% | 27.0% | 50.6% | 79.0% | 15.9% | 31.2% | 48.3% | 66.6% | < 0.001 |
Public | 92.2% | 73.0% | 49.4% | 21.0% | 84.1% | 68.8% | 51.7% | 33.4% | " |
Employment-related factors | |||||||||
Employment | |||||||||
Employed | 46.7% | 60.2% | 61.0% | 66.1% | 18.9% | 24.4% | 34.0% | 41.0% | 0.932 |
Unemployed | 27.6% | 12.7% | 9.6% | 4.6% | 9.7% | 6.4% | 4.9% | 7.1% | < 0.001 |
Retired | 25.1% | 26.3% | 27.9% | 28.4% | 6.9% | 7.2% | 10.0% | 15.8% | 0.065 |
Other | 0.5% | 0.8% | 1.6% | 1.0% | 64.4% | 62.0% | 51.1% | 36.1% | < 0.001 |
Occupation of the breadwinner | |||||||||
Professional | 4.2% | 16.8% | 44.0% | 85.3% | 10.9% | 25.5% | 49.6% | 77.4% | < 0.001 |
White collar | 15.0% | 23.7% | 26.9% | 8.5% | 14.2% | 22.3% | 22.2% | 11.7% | 0.001 |
Blue collar | 78.4% | 57.9% | 27.0% | 4.9% | 52.4% | 38.1% | 18.9% | 5.6% | < 0.001 |
Not in the workforce | 2.5% | 1.6% | 2.2% | 1.3% | 22.6% | 14.2% | 9.2% | 5.3% | 0.001 |
Behavioural factors | |||||||||
Alcohol consumption | |||||||||
No | 20.0% | 13.0% | 10.9% | 6.7% | 44.9% | 31.5% | 21.2% | 17.2% | 0.005 |
Light | 54.9% | 61.2% | 62.7% | 67.6% | 38.5% | 47.8% | 48.6% | 51.7% | 0.618 |
Moderate | 8.5% | 11.4% | 12.8% | 15.1% | 11.5% | 13.5% | 18.6% | 20.9% | 0.147 |
Heavy | 16.7% | 14.4% | 13.7% | 10.5% | 5.1% | 7.3% | 11.5% | 10.2% | < 0.001 |
Body mass index (BMI) | |||||||||
Underweight | 4.3% | 3.4% | 3.4% | 4.0% | 7.2% | 8.5% | 10.1% | 12.1% | 0.071 |
Normal weight | 46.2% | 46.9% | 55.1% | 61.8% | 49.1% | 56.2% | 62.1% | 65.0% | 0.844 |
Overweight | 41.8% | 44.6% | 37.5% | 32.4% | 32.3% | 28.5% | 23.5% | 17.7% | 0.118 |
Obese | 7.6% | 5.1% | 4.0% | 1.8% | 11.4% | 6.7% | 4.3% | 5.2% | 0.989 |
Smoking | |||||||||
Current | 54.8% | 45.2% | 38.2% | 35.4% | 42.1% | 32.7% | 28.9% | 19.9% | 0.009 |
Former | 34.1% | 40.4% | 43.5% | 42.9% | 21.7% | 28.2% | 30.7% | 32.5% | 0.181 |
Never | 11.1% | 14.5% | 18.3% | 21.7% | 36.2% | 39.1% | 40.4% | 47.7% | 0.056 |
Leisure activity | |||||||||
Inactive | 15.5% | 11.9% | 12.2% | 10.1% | 18.6% | 11.7% | 10.8% | 7.2% | 0.003 |
Little | 12.9% | 14.0% | 14.4% | 16.3% | 16.8% | 16.6% | 15.3% | 18.4% | 0.119 |
Moderate | 22.5% | 25.1% | 26.0% | 28.1% | 29.7% | 27.5% | 29.9% | 26.7% | 0.005 |
Active | 49.1% | 49.0% | 47.5% | 45.5% | 34.9% | 44.3% | 44.0% | 47.7% | < 0.001 |
Sports activity | |||||||||
Inactive | 73.3% | 60.9% | 51.6% | 44.0% | 72.9% | 56.9% | 46.2% | 43.1% | 0.320 |
Little | 4.8% | 6.6% | 9.4% | 8.4% | 7.2% | 8.0% | 8.7% | 11.3% | 0.391 |
Moderate | 9.9% | 14.3% | 16.6% | 23.8% | 12.4% | 21.5% | 26.9% | 23.3% | 0.302 |
Active | 12.0% | 18.2% | 22.4% | 23.8% | 7.4% | 13.6% | 18.2% | 22.3% | 0.004 |
Family-related factors | |||||||||
Marital status | |||||||||
Currently married | 73.6% | 82.1% | 81.1% | 77.7% | 71.5% | 78.0% | 72.0% | 65.9% | 0.001 |
Previously married | 10.2% | 7.5% | 7.5% | 8.7% | 20.4% | 15.4% | 14.3% | 11.2% | 0.025 |
Never married | 16.2% | 10.4% | 11.4% | 13.6% | 8.2% | 6.6% | 13.7% | 22.9% | < 0.001 |
Living arrangement | |||||||||
Living with partner | 78.0% | 86.9% | 86.4% | 84.2% | 75.7% | 81.5% | 76.7% | 73.0% | 0.001 |
Living alone | 22.0% | 13.1% | 13.6% | 15.8% | 24.3% | 18.5% | 23.3% | 27.0% | " |
Number of children | |||||||||
0 | 26.0% | 18.8% | 22.3% | 22.0% | 12.2% | 15.2% | 21.8% | 32.1% | < 0.001 |
1 | 16.6% | 14.0% | 12.2% | 7.3% | 14.4% | 12.7% | 10.8% | 6.9% | 0.275 |
2 | 32.7% | 38.5% | 37.5% | 35.4% | 42.3% | 38.5% | 31.5% | 29.0% | < 0.001 |
3 or more | 24.6% | 28.7% | 28.1% | 35.3% | 31.0% | 33.6% | 35.9% | 32.0% | 0.015 |