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Table 2 Fungi species that have been isolated from house flies, including the site of isolation, the frequencies and their distribution

From: A systematic review of human pathogens carried by the housefly (Musca domestica L.)

Fungi genera

Species

Medical, veterinary or agricultural importance

Geographical occurrence

Site of specimen collection

Host stage infected

Prevalence

Lab or field study

Site of isolation

References

Cladosporum

C. cladosporoides

Medical

Worldwide

Cattles diagnosed with bovine ringworm, animal pens, dump sites

Adult/larvae

4.7–85%

Field/lab

External surfaces

[56, 57]

Others

Medical

Worldwide

Human habitation

Larvae

0.2

Field

External surfaces

[53, 55]

Penicillium

P. axalicum

Medical

Worldwide

Fresh fish

Larvae

–

Field

External surfaces

[53]

P. corylophilum

Medical

Worldwide

Animal pens, dump sites

Larvae

–

Field

External surfaces

[57]

P. fellutanum

Medical

Worldwide

Animal pens, dump sites

Larvae

11.9%

Field

External surfaces

[57]

P. verrucosum

Medical

Worldwide

Human habitation

Adult

–

Field

External surfaces

[60]

P. aurantiogriseum

Medical

Worldwide

Human habitation

Adult

–

Field

External surfaces

[60]

Others

Medical

Worldwide

Human habitation, Cattles diagnosed with bovine ringworm, hospitals, slaughter houses

adult

3.4–21%

Field/lab

External surfaces

[55, 56, 58, 59]

Aspergillus

A. flavus

Medical

Worldwide

Animal pens, dump sites, poultry farms, dairy, piggery, slaughter houses, open field

Adult/larvae

23.8%

Field

External surfaces

[52, 57, 60]

A niger

Medical

Worldwide

Animal pens, dump sites

Adult/larvae

14.4–85.71%

Field

External surfaces

[7, 57]

A fumigatus

Medical

Worldwide

Cafeteria and food centers

Adult

85.71

Field

External surfaces

[7]

A tamari

Medical

Worldwide

Fresh fish

Larvae

–

Field

External surfaces

[53]

A parasiticus

Medical

Worldwide

Human habitation

Adult

–

Field

External surfaces

[60]

Others

Medical

Worldwide

Human habitation, Cattles diagnosed with bovine ringworm, hospitals, slaughter houses

Adult

2.8–67.4%

Field/lab

External surfaces

[55, 56, 58, 59]

Beauveria

B. bassiana

Medical

Worldwide

Poultry farms, dairy, piggery, open field, slaughter houses

Adult

–

Field

External surfaces

[52]

Mucor

M. cirinelloides

Medical

Worldwide

Cafeteria and food centers

Adult

–

Field

External surfaces

[7]

Others

Medical

Worldwide

Human habitation

Adult

2%

Field

External surfaces

[55]

Alternaria

A. alternata

Medical

Worldwide

Animal pens, dump sites

Adult/larvae

1.4–11.9%

Field

External surfaces

[53, 55, 57, 58]

Fusarium

F. oxysporum

Medical

Worldwide

Fresh fish

Larvae

–

Field

External surfaces

[53]

F. verticilliodes

Medical

Worldwide

Human habitation

Adult

–

Field

External surfaces

[60]

F. proliferatum

Medical

Worldwide

Human habitation

Adult

–

Field

External surfaces

[60]

Others

Medical

Worldwide

Animal pens, dump sites, Human habitation, hospitals, slaughter houses

Larvae

4.7–17%

Field

External surfaces

[55, 57, 58]

Curvularia

C. brachyspora

Medical

Worldwide

Animal pens, dump sites

Adult

2.4%

Field

External surfaces

[57]

Mycelia

M. sterilia

Medical

Worldwide

Animal pens, dump sites

Adult

2.4%

Field

External surfaces

[57]

Candida

C. albicans

Medical

Worldwide

Pig pen, Human habitation

Adult

44.6%

Field

External surfaces

[51, 54]

C. glabrata

Medical

Worldwide

Human habitation

Adult

23%

Field

External surfaces

[51]

C. krusei

Medical

Worldwide

Human habitation

Adult

19.6%

Field

External surfaces

[51]

C. tropicalis

Medical

Worldwide

Pig pen, Human habitation

Adult

7.4%

Field

External surfaces

[51, 54]

C. dubliniensis

Medical

Worldwide

Human habitation

Adult

3.6%

Field

External surfaces

[51]

C. parapsilisis

Medical

Worldwide

Human habitation

Adult

1.8%

Field

External surfaces

[51]

Others

Medical

Worldwide

Human habitation

Adult

10.5%

Field

External surfaces

[59]

Microsporum

M. canis

Veterinary

Worldwide

Laboratory experiment

Adult/larvae

–

Field

External surfaces/internal organs

[85]

M. gypseum

Medical

Worldwide

Hospitals, slaughter houses

Adult

–

Field

External surfaces

[58]

Chrysosporium

Chrysosporium spp.

Medical

Worldwide

Human habitation

Adult

2%

Field

External surfaces

[55]

Curvalaria

Curvalaria spp.

Agricultural

Worldwide

Human habitation

Adult

0.4%

Field

External surfaces

[55]

Epicoccum

Epicoccum spp.

Medical

Worldwide

Human habitation

Adult

1%

Field

External surfaces

[55]

Eupenicillium

Eupenicillium spp.

Medical

Worldwide

Human habitation

Adult

1%

Field

External surfaces

[55]

Moniliella

Moniliella spp.

Medical and veterinary

Worldwide

Human habitation

Adult

9%

Field

External surfaces

[55]

Nigrospora

Nigrospora spp.

Agricultural

Worldwide

Human habitation

Adult

1%

Field

External surfaces

[55]

Rhizopus

Rhizopus spp.

Veterinary

Worldwide

Human habitation

Adult

2%

Field

External surfaces

[55]

Scopulariopsis

Scopulariopsis spp.

Veterinary

Worldwide

Human habitation

Adult

2%

Field

External surfaces

[55]

Mucorales

Mucorales spp.

Medical

Worldwide

Hospitals

Adult

11%

Field

External surfaces

[59]

Rhodotorula

Rhodotorula spp.

Medical/veterinary

Worldwide

Hospitals

Adult

8.4%

Field

External surfaces

[59]

Moniliella

M. suaveolans

Medical

Worldwide

Human habitation

Adult

–

Field

External surfaces

[60]