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Table 1 Bacteria species that have been isolated from house flies, including the site of isolation, the frequencies and their distribution

From: A systematic review of human pathogens carried by the housefly (Musca domestica L.)

Bacteria genera

Species

Medical and/or veterinary importance

Geographical occurrence

Site of specimen collection

Host stage infected

Prevalence

Lab or field study

Site of isolation

References

Helicobacter

H. pylori

Medical

Worldwide

Laboratory reared

Adult

–

Lab

External surfaces/internal organs

[70,71,72]

Campylobacter

C. jejuni

Medical and veterinary

Worldwide

Poultry, piggery

Adult/larvae

6.2%

Field/ Lab

External surfaces/internal organs

[73, 74, 87, 90]

C. coli

Medical and veterinary

Worldwide

Poultry, piggery

Adult

90.1%

Field

External surfaces/internal organs

[74]

Others

Medical and veterinary

Worldwide

Restaurant, refuse dumps, barbecue shops, fruits and food vendors, markets, poultries (broiler farms)

Adult

–

Field

External surfaces/internal organs

[38, 75]

Salmonella

S. typhimurium

Medical

Worldwide

Laboratory experiment

Adult

–

Lab

 

[37]

S. enterica serovar Enteritidis

Medical

Worldwide

Poultry, dumpsters

Adult/larvae

6–70%

Lab/field

External surfaces/internal organs

[23, 28, 39]

Others

Medical

Worldwide

Restaurant, refuse dumps, barbecue shops, fruits and food vendors, markets, fish vendors, human habitation

Adult

11.8–66.67%

Field

External surfaces/internal organs

[25, 27, 29, 70,71,72, 91]

Escherichia

E. coli

Medical

Worldwide

Human habitation, cafeteria and food centers, hospitals, open fields, poultry farms, slaughter houses, cattle farms, animal hospitals

Adult/larvae

10.5–76.3%

Field/lab

External surfaces/internal organs

[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24, 29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38, 40, 43,44,45,46, 48, 89, 92]

Bacillus

B. anthrax

Medical and veterinary

Worldwide

Laboratory reared

Adult

–

Lab

External surfaces/Internal organs

[76]

B. megatarium

non

Worldwide

Cafeteria and food centers

Adult

50%

Field

External surfaces/Internal organs

[7]

B. sphaericus

Medical

Worldwide

Cafeteria and food centers

Adult

50%

Field

External surfaces/Internal organs

[7]

B. cereus

Medical

Worldwide

Fresh fish

Larvae

–

Field

External surfaces/Internal organs

[46, 53]

B. alvei

Medical

Worldwide

Cafeteria and food centers

Adult

50%

Field

External surfaces/Internal organs

[7]

B. pumilus

Medical

Worldwide

 

Adult

–

Field

External surfaces/Internal organs

[46]

B. thuringiensis

non

Worldwide

 

Adult

–

Field

External surfaces/Internal organs

[46]

Others

Medical

Worldwide

Dairy farms, hospitals, slaughter houses, fruit and food centers

Adult

31.1%

Field

External surfaces

[10, 20, 44, 61, 89]

Staphylococcus

S. aureus

Medical

Worldwide

Human habitation, fresh fish

Adult/ larvae

26.9%

Field

External surfaces/Internal organs

[40, 45, 53, 77, 92]

S. epidermidis

Medical

Worldwide

Human habitation

Adult

–

Field

External surfaces/Internal organs

[40]

S. sciuri

Medical/veterinary

Worldwide

Dumpsters of restaurants

Adult

–

Field

External surfaces

[46]

S. saprophyticus

Medical

Worldwide

Dumpsters of restaurants

Adult

–

Field

External surfaces

[46]

S. xylosus

Medical

Worldwide

Dumpsters of restaurants

Adult

–

Field

External surfaces

[46]

Others

Medical/veterinary

Worldwide

Poutry, animal farms, garden, garbage/dump areas, restaurants/cafeteria, markets, human habitation, hospitals

Adult

22.9–28.2%

Field

External surfaces/Internal organs

[10, 20, 48, 78, 79, 89, 91]

Enterococcus

E. faecalis

Medical

Worldwide

Restaurants, piggery farms

Adult

55.5–88.2%

Field/lab

External surfaces/Internal organs

[21, 49, 50]

E. faecium

Medical

Worldwide

Restaurants, piggery farms

Adult

6.8–12.8%

Field/lab

External surfaces/Internal organs

[49, 50]

E. casseliflavus

Medical

Worldwide

Restaurants, piggery farms

Adult

4.9–6.7%

Field/lab

External surfaces/Internal organs

[49, 50]

E. hirae

Medical/veterinary

Worldwide

piggery farms

Adult

12.8%

Field/lab

External surfaces/Internal organs

[50]

Aeromonas

A. caviae

Medical

Worldwide

Hospitals, streets, slaughter houses (abattoir)

Adult

39–78%

Field

Internal organs

[48, 80, 81]

A hydrophila

Medical

Worldwide

Open field

Adult

–

Field

Internal organs

[82]

Others

Medical

Worldwide

Poutry, animal farms, garden, garbage/dump areas, restaurants/cafeteria, markets, human habitation, hospitals

Adult

–

Field

Internal organs

[79]

Shigella

S. sonnei

Medical

Worldwide

Hospitals, streets, slaughter houses

Adult

–

Field

Internal organs

[48]

S. dysenteriae

Medical

Worldwide

Dumpsters of restaurants

Adult

–

Field

Internal organs

[46]

Others

Medical

Worldwide

Poultry, animal farms, garden, garbage/dump areas, restaurants/cafeteria, markets, human habitation, hospitals

Adult

4.8–66.67%

field

External surfaces/ internal organs

[11, 13, 29, 38, 40, 43, 79, 91]

Klebsiella

K. pneumoniae

Medical

Worldwide

Hospitals, human habitation, slaughter houses

Adult

11.3–82%

field

External surfaces/ internal organs

[15, 47, 82]

K. oxytoca

Medical

 

Open field

Adult

–

Field

External surfaces

[83]

Others

Medical

 

Poutry, animal farms,garden, garbage/dump areas, restaurants/cafeteria, markets, human habitation, hospitals, slaughter houses, open field

Adult

–

Field

External surfaces

[40, 44, 48, 61, 79, 89]

Pseudomonas

P. aeruginosa

Medical

Worldwide

Dump sites, slaughter houses, open field, human habitation, fresh fish, hospitals

Adult/larvae

37%

field

External surfaces/internal organs

[15, 19, 53, 61, 84]

Others

Medical

Worldwide

Hospitals, streets, slaughter houses,

Adult

21.8%

Field

External surfaces/internal organs

[44, 48, 92]

Proteus

P. mirabilis

Medical

Worldwide

Slaughter houses, hospitals

Adult

29.1%

field

External surfaces/internal organs

[15]

P. vulgaris

Medical

Worldwide

Human habitation

Adult

–

Field

External surfaces/internal organs

[40]

Proteus sp.

Medical

Worldwide

Slaughter houses, dump sites, open fields, human habitations

Adult

14.8%

Field

External surfaces/internal organs

[61, 89, 92]

Citrobacter

C. freundi

Medical

Worldwide

Cafeteria and food centers, Slaughter houses, hospitals

Adult

28.4%

field

External surfaces/internal organs

[7, 15]

Chronobacter

C. turicensis,

Medical

Worldwide

Poultry, dumpsters

Adult/larvae

14%

Field/lab

External surfaces/internal organs

[23, 28]

C. universalis

Medical

Worldwide

Poultry, dumpsters

Adult/larvae

–

Field/lab

External surfaces/internal organs

[23, 28]

C. sakazakii

Medical

Worldwide

Poultry, dumpsters

Adult/larvae

–

Field/lab

External surfaces/internal organs

[23, 28, 46]

Listeria

L. monocytogenes

Medical

Worldwide

Poultry, dumpsters

Adult/larvae

3–49.4%

Field/lab

External surfaces/internal organs

[23, 28, 54]

Others

Medical/veterinary

Worldwide

Animal farms

Adult

–

Field

External surfaces/internal organs

[78]

Streptococcus

S. pyogenes

medical

Worldwide

Fresh fish, human habitation

Adult/larvae

–

Field

External surfaces/internal organs

[40, 53]

S. faecalis

Medical

Worldwide

Fresh fish

Larvae

–

Field

External surfaces/internal organs

[53]

Others

Medical

Worldwide

Hospitals, slaughter houses, streets, dump sites, open fields, human habitation

Adult

66.67%

Field

External surfaces/internal organs

[48, 61, 89, 91]

Alternaria

Alternaria spp.

Medical

Worldwide

Fresh fish, Human habitation

Larvae

1.4–6%

Field

 

[15, 53, 55]

Serratia

Serratia spp.

Medical

worldwide

Human habitation

Adult

–

Field

Internal organs

[40]

Enterobacter

Enterobacter spp.

Medical

Worldwide

Human habitation

Adult

–

Field

Internal organs

[40, 89]

Edwardsiella

Edwardsiella spp.

Medical

Worldwide

Poultry

Adult

–

field

External surfaces/internal organs

[43]

Providencia

Providencia spp.

Medical

Worldwide

Poultry, animal farms, garden, garbage/dump areas, restaurants/cafeteria, markets, human habitation, hospitals, slaughter houses, open field

Adult

–

Field

External surfaces/ internal organs

[43, 79]

Vibrio

Vibrio cholera non O1

Medical

Worldwide

Human habitation

Adult

45.7%

Field

Internal organs

[29]

Others

Medical / veterinary

Worldwide

Animal farms

Adult

–

Field

External surfaces/ internal organs

[78]

Morganella

M. morgana

Medical

Worldwide

Poutry, animal farms,garden, garbage/dump areas, restaurants/cafeteria, markets, human habitation, hospitals, slaughter houses, open field

Adult

16.67%

Field

External surfaces/Internal organs

[7, 79]

Clostridium

Clostridium spp.

Medical

Worldwide

Dairy farms

Adult

–

Field

Internal organs

[10]

Corynebacterium

Corynebacterium spp.

Medical

Worldwide

Dairy farms

Adult

–

Field

Internal organs

[10]

Lactobacillus

Lactobacillus spp.

Medical

Worldwide

Dairy farms

Adult

–

Field

Internal organs

[10]

Yersinia

Y. enterocolitica

Medical

Worldwide

Hospitals, streets, slaughter houses

Adult

–

Field

Internal organs

[48]

Burkholderia

B. pseudomallei

Medical

Worldwide

Open field

Adult

–

Field

Internal organs

[83]

Acinetobacter

A. baumanni

Medical

worldwide

Poultry, dumpsters

Adult

–

Field

Internal organs

[46, 89]

Methylobacterium

M. persicinum

Medical

Worldwide

Poultry, dumpsters

Adult

–

Field

Internal organs

[46]

Micrococcus

Micrococcus sp.

Medical

Worldwide

Garbage/dump areas, poultry, restaurants

Adult

–

Field

External surfaces/Internal organs

[89]