Table 1 Descriptive statistics (N = 3397). Mean (SD) shown for continuous variables, frequencies (%) shown for categorical variables
Characteristics | Referral type | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Self (n = 1666) | Passive (n = 458) | Proactive (n = 1273) | ||
Age (years) | 48.7 (13.0) | 50.1 (11.6) | 49.1 (12.9) | 0.11 |
Gender | 0.02 | |||
Male | 572 (34.4) | 158 (34.7) | 494 (39.1) | |
Female | 1089 (65.6) | 298 (65.4) | 768 (60.9) | |
Race | 0.01* | |||
White | 1211 (81.6) | 327 (79.6) | 782 (76.9) | |
Black or AA | 144 (9.7) | 44 (10.7) | 138 (13.6) | |
Asian | 6 (0.4) | 3 (0.7) | 11 (1.1) | |
American Indian | 40 (2.7) | 7 (1.7) | 38 (3.7) | |
Multiracial | 45 (3.0) | 17 (4.1) | 18 (1.8) | |
Other | 38 (2.6) | 13 (3.2) | 30 (3.0) | |
Education | < 0.0001 | |||
High school or less | 834 (50.1) | 241 (52.6) | 782 (61.4) | |
Some college or more | 832 (49.9) | 217 (47.4) | 491 (38.6) | |
Hispanic | 251 (18.2) | 66 (17.3) | 309 (31.8) | < 0.0001 |
Children living in the household | 435 (31.1) | 107 (28.1) | 334 (33.2) | 0.17 |
Family size | 2.4 (1.7) | 2.5 (1.8) | 2.6 (1.8) | 0.03 |
Chronic condition | 1066 (66.7) | 327 (74.5) | 886 (72.1) | 0.01 |
Mental health condition | 951 (59.9) | 273 (63.5) | 725 (59.5) | 0.33 |
Baseline tobacco use behaviors | ||||
Other smokers in the home | 626 (46.8) | 176 (47.6) | 523 (52.5) | 0.02 |
Smoking allowed in the home | 0.05 | |||
Not allowed | 731 (52.3) | 202 (52.2) | 482 (47.7) | |
Allowed in some places | 221 (15.8) | 67 (17.3) | 201 (20.2) | |
Allowed anywhere | 446 (31.9) | 118 (30.5) | 325 (32.2) | |
Number of cigarettes smoked per day, mean (SD) | 16.6 (10.1) | 17.6 (11.7) | 14.7 (8.9) | < 0.0001 |
Nicotine dependence, mean (SD) | 5.0 (2.3) | 5.1 (2.3) | 4.6 (2.2) | 0.01 |
Other baseline factors | ||||
Number of quit attempts during past 12 months, mean (SD) | 2.8 (7.8) | 2.8 (7.5) | 2.0 (3.4) | 0.01 |
Confidence to quit (for at least 24 h) | 0.56 | |||
Poor, fair | 237 (16.8) | 68 (17.4) | 186 (18.5) | |
good, very good, excellent | 1170 (83.2) | 323 (82.6) | 818 (81.5) | |
Intention to quit (in the next 30 days) | < 0.0001 | |||
No, I don’t know | 41 (3.6) | 11 (2.8) | 80 (7.8) | |
Yes, I have already quit | 1369 (96.4) | 388 (97.2) | 945 (92.2) | |
Social support | 0.01 | |||
Poor, fair | 357 (25.3) | 75 (19.3) | 272 (27.4) | |
good, very good, excellent | 1055 (74.7) | 313 (80.7) | 720 (72.6) | |
Post-baseline factors | ||||
Reach rate** | 58.0% | 56.4% | 58.5% | 0.42 |
Number of coaching sessions before 7-month follow-up | 0.92 | |||
0–4 | 994 (59.7) | 278 (60.7) | 764 (60.0) | |
5+ | 672 (40.3) | 180 (39.3) | 509 (40.0) | |
Days in program | 85.1 (83.5) | 80.7 (76.8) | 79.1 (67.5) | 0.11 |
Others smokers at home (7-month follow-up) | 506 (30.8) | 156 (34.5) | 418 (33.4) | 0.19 |
Medication use | 948 (56.9) | 280 (61.1) | 682 (53.6) | 0.01 |
Quit | 585 (35.1) | 165 (36.0) | 400 (31.4) | 0.06 |