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Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of the Study Population (N = 1120)

From: Chronic bronchitis and airflow obstruction is associated with household cooking fuel use among never-smoking women: a community-based cross-sectional study in Odisha, India

Characteristics

All participants (N = 1120)

Liquefied petroleum gas user (N = 344)

Mixed fuel user (N = 203)

Solid biomass fuel user (N = 573)

p-value

Anthropometrics: Age (years), Height (cm) and Weight (Kg)

 Age (mean ± SD)

30.44 ± 6.86

31.06 ± 6.92

31.64 ± 7.26

29.63 ± 6.58

< 0.001

 Height (mean ± SD)

154.67 ± 8.35

152.83 ± 8.04

155.48 ± 7.86

155.48 ± 8.54

< 0.001

 Weight (mean ± SD)

55.50 ± 7.67

53.84 ± 7.79

55.33 ± 7.50

56.56 ± 7.49

< 0.001

 BMI (mean ± SD)

23.30 ± 3.50

23.14 ± 3.49

22.96 ± 3.26

23.53 ± 3.57

0.079

Marital Status [n, %]

 Married

745 (66.5)

228 (66.2)

138 (67.9)

379 (66.1)

0.887

 Unmarried

375 (33.4)

116 (33.7)

65 (32.0)

194 (33.8)

 

Socio-economic status (SES) Indicesa [n, %]

 Low

114 (10.18)

8 (2.33)

22 (10.84)

84 (14.66)

< 0.001

 Middle

895 (79.91)

279 (81.10)

166 (81.77)

450 (78.53)

 

 High

111 (9.91)

57 (16.57)

15 (7.39)

39 (6.81)

 

Education level [n, %]

 No education

16 (1.43)

3 (0.87)

4 (1.97)

9 (1.57)

0.094

 Primary

1081 (96.52)

330 (96.24)

197 (97.04)

554 (96.68)

 

 Secondary/college

23 (2.05)

11 (3.19)

2 (0.98)

10 (1.75)

 

Occupation [n, %]

 Office worker

29 (2.59)

12 (3.49)

4 (1.97)

13 (2.27)

0.026

 Housewife

1053 (94.02)

312 (90.70)

193 (95.07)

584 (95.64)

 

 Other

38 (3.39)

20 (5.81)

6 (2.96)

12 (2.09)

 

Asthma in family [n, %]

 No

1105 (98.66)

339 (98.55)

197 (97.04)

569 (99.30)

0.054

 Yes

15 (1.34)

5 (1.45)

6 (2.96)

4 (0.70)

 

Cooking hours and age [mean ± SD]

 Cooking hours per day

4.23 ± 1.10

2.31 ± 0.62

4.04 ± 1.08

4.45 ± 0.80

< 0.001

 Years cooking

9.97 ± 5.12

9.13 ± 5.28

11.28 ± 6.04

10.01 ± 4.54

< 0.001

 Separate Kitchen [n, %]

     

 Yes

142 (12.67)

70 (20.34)

17 (8.37)

55 (9.59)

< 0.001

 Ventilated kitchen [n, %]

     

 Yes

186 (16.60)

90 (26.16)

25 (12.31)

71 (12.39)

< 0.001

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure [n, %]

 None

994 (88.75)

309 (89.82)

180 (88.66)

505 (88.13)

0.002

 Childhood

32 (2.85)

15 (4.36)

5 (2.46)

12 (2.09)

 

 Adulthood

31 (2.76)

14 (4.06)

3 (1.47)

14 (2.44)

 

 Both

63 (5.62)

6 (1.74)

15 (7.38)

42 (7.32)

 
  1. aPrincipal component analysis with varimax rotation was used for computing the SES indices. Based on the distribution of the SES indices, the households were then divided into three groups (tertiles)