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Table 2 Summary characteristics of included studies (n = 83)

From: The economic burden of cardiovascular disease and hypertension in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review

Characteristic/level

No. studies (%)

Study scope

 Institutional

40 (48)

 National

30 (36)

 Regional

9 (11)

 City

1 (1)

 Other

1 (1)

 International

2 (1)

CVD category

 Stroke

24 (29)

 Hypertension

18 (22)

 Coronary heart disease

17 (20)

 Generic CVD

20 (24)

 Heart failure

4 (5)

Care setting

 Secondary + outpatient

38 (46)

 Secondary

22 (26)

 Tertiary

17 (20)

 Primary

6 (7)

Study design

 Retrospective cost study

34 (43)

 Cost-of-illness study

14 (18)

 Database analysis

11 (14)

 Prospective cost study

10 (13)

 Mathematical model

7 (9)

 Other

4 (5)

Included a control group [YES]

5 (6)

Economic perspective

 Provider

29 (35)

 Societal

18 (22)

 Patient

17 (21)

 Other

10 (12)

 Third-party payer

7 (9)

 Unclear

1 (1)