Table 4 Studies assessing sedentary, energy expenditure or PA parameters with an overfeeding protocol

Apolzan et al. (2014) [20]

25, RCT

- 18-35 yr.

- 16 men, 9 women

- 19.0-30.0 kg/m²

1.4× baseline energy requirement,

for 65 days

3 groups:

- low protein diet (5%)

- normal protein diet (15%)

- high-protein diet (25%)

Based on 24-h of metabolic chamber direct measurments

Laboratory

Participants resided on the inpatient unit for the entire study

Exercise prohibited

• Total daily energy expenditure for 9 days (week 7–8)

• Activity-related energy expenditure

Calculated with sleeping metabolic rate and thermic effect of food (metabolic chamber)

n/a

417 ± 81

n/a

623 ± 159

• Not significant

• ↑50%

• Vector magnitude (counts)

• Activity energy expenditure (kJ/day)

RT3 accelerometer at the waist

102,60 ± 7,97

281 ± 29

132,60 ± 8,45

337.20

± 26

• ↑30%

• ↑20%

• Physical activity level

1.47 ± 0.06

1.56 ± 0.10

• ↑6%

• Spontaneous physical activity (kJ/day)

180 ± 21

n/a

• Not significant

• Activity (% of active time/24 h)

On day 1, 14 and 56 of the study

15.4 ± 0.9

n/a

• Not significant

Bray et al. (2015) [21]

25, RCT

−18-35 y

- men and women

−19.7-29.6 kg/m²

1.4× baseline energy requirement for 56 days

3 groups:

- low protein diet (5%)

- normal protein diet (15%)

- high-protein diet (25%)

Based on energy expenditure measured by doubly labeled water

Laboratory

Participants resided in the Pennington Biomedical Research Center. Room calorimeter on week 8.

No indication

• Total daily energy expenditure

1993 ± 371 (kcal)

2137 ± 402

• ↑8%

Dirlewanger et al. (2000) [22]

10, RCT

−20-26 y

-women

−19.3-25.3 kg/m²

1.4× of baseline energy requirement, for 6 days

1 group, 2 overfeeding diets:

- hyperenergetic diet providing 40% excess energy as carbohydrates

- hyperenergetic diet providing 40% excess energy as fat

Based on resting energy expenditure measured by 45 to 60 min of indirect calorimetry × 1.3

Laboratory

Room calorimeter on day 3

No indication

• Total daily energy expenditure

n/a

n/a

↑ 7%

He et al. (2012) [23]

21, RCT

−42 y

-men and women

- 33.2 kg/m²

1.5× weight maintenance, diet for 3 days

1 group

Specific to the inpatient unit and calculated based on body weight and sexe

Laboratory

Participants were admitted to the Clinical Research Unit of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

Free walk allowed but exercise prohibited

• Sedentary time (%)

• Non-exercice activity (counts/min)

70.9 ± 12.9

72 ± 7.4

• Not significant

Actical monitor worn at the waist, wrist and ankle

93.9 ± 21.5

68 ± 18.4

• Not significant

• Spontaneous physical activity (% of active time/24 h)

5.6 ± n/a

5.0 ± n/a

• Not significant

Joosen et al. (2005) [16]

25, nRCT

−19-36 y

-women

− 18.8 − 24.4 kg/m²

+ 50% more energy than the baseline energy requirement, for 14 days

1 group

Calculated from basal metabolic rate measured with indirect calorimetry and PA level measured with accelerometry

Free living

Unrestricted

• Physical activity indicator (Mcounts/day)

Tracmor worn at the waist

6666 ± 1286

7177 ± 1645

• Not significant

• Total energy expenditure

10.18 ± 0.68

10.58 ± 1.00

• Not significant

Klein and Goran (1993) [17]

4, nRCT

-24-35 y

-men

−21.8-23.4 kg/m²

+ 6904 kJ/day,

for 8 days

1 group

Baseline indirect calorimetry measurements

Laboratory

Participants were free to move around within the Clinical Research Center during the study with an access to a stationary bicycle ergometer.

Unrestricted

• Total daily energy expenditure

• Non-resting energy expenditure

Calculated with resting metabolic rate (indirect calorimetry)

2384 ± 219

855 ± 190 (kcal/day)

2808 ± 291

1171 ± 262

• ↑18%

• ↑42%

Levine et al. (2008)

[18]

22, nRCT

−31-47 y

- 12 women and 10 men

- 19.0-38.0 kg/m²

+ 4184 kJ/day above weight maintenance, diet for 56 days

1 group

Baseline period of 3 weeks during which the dietary intake provided was adjusted to maintain body weight gain

Free living

Unrestricted

• Walking bouts (n/day)

• Time engaged in walking (min/day)

• Average distance of a walking bout (miles)

• Free-living velocity (mph)

PAMS system: 2 accelerometers (CXL02LF3-R, Crossbow technology) and 4 inclinometers (CXTA02, Crossbow Technology) on the trunk

47 ± 6

389 ± 106

0.18 ± 0.06

1.14 ± 0.20

47 ± 10

391 ± 116

0.15 ± 0.06

1.02 ± 0.20

• ↓1%

• ↓1%

• ↓ 21%

• ↓ 12%

Average of lean and obese group

Levine et al. (1999) [9]

16, nRCT

−25-36 y

−12 men and 4 women

+ 4184 kJ/day, for 56 days

1 group

Based on doubly labeled water measurements

Free living

Exercise prohibited

• Total daily energy expenditure

• Nonexercise activity-thermogenesis

Calculated with basal metabolic rate and postprandial thermogenesis (indirect calorimetry)

2807 ± n/a

896 ± n/a

3361 ± n/a

1235 ± n/a

(kcal)

• ↑12%

• ↑38%

Muller et al. (2015) [24]

32, nRCT

−20-37 y

-men

−20.7-29.3 kg/m²

1.5× baseline energy requirement, for 7 days

1 group

Based on a dietitian-guided dietary record, resting metabolic rate with indirect calorimetry and PA with the use of 24 h heart rate and accelerometry

Free living

Unrestricted

• Activity energy expenditure (Kcal/d)

555 ± 328

580 ± 304

• Not significant

• Steps/day

4785 ± 1417

4865 ± 1896

• Not significant

Pasquet et al. (1992) [25]

9, nRCT

−20-37 y

-men

−18.3-23.1 kg/m²

125 ± 46.6% of baseline habitual intakes, for 61–65 days

1 group

Based on total energy expenditure measured with doubly labeled water

Free living

No indication

• Spontaneous activity

n/a

n/a

• ↓ 59%

• PA indicator

At the wrist

4145 ± 1371

2440 ± 816

• ↓ 40% arm movement counts/24H

Siervo et al. (2008) [26]

6, nRCT

−32-58 y

-men

−18.8-24.1 kg/m²

1.6× baseline energy intake, for 21 days

1 group

Baseline period of 3 weeks during which the dietary intake provided was adjusted to maintain body weight gain

Free living

Participants were free to move around the Cambridge area

No indication

• Total energy expenditure

11.1 ± 0.7

12.9 ± 0.8

↑ 16%

Ravussin et al. (1985) [27]

5, nRCT

−22-27 y

-men

−19.0 − 23.9 kg/m²

1.6× baseline energy requirement, for 9 days

1 group

Based on energy expenditure within a metabolic chamber plus an estimated 25% for PA:

Free living and laboratory

Room calorimeter on day 1 and 9 of the study (5 m long × 2,5 m wide)

Exercise prohibited

• Daily energy expenditure (kJ/day)

9.751 ± 0.423

10.423 ± 0.584

11.789 ± 500

• ↑ 7% on the 2nd day

• ↑ 21% on the 9th day

• Steps/day

n/a

n/a

• Not significant

• Activity index

0.026 ± 0.003

0.031 ± 0.004

• Not significant

• Spontaneous PA (%)

0.026 ± 0.003

0.031 ± 0.004

• Not significant

Roberts et al. (1990) [19]

7, nRCT

-23-24 y

-men

−22.7 − 25.3 kg/m²

+  4200 kJ/day, for 21 days

One group

Based on direct measurments of total energy expenditure components

Free living

Unrestricted

• Total daily energy expenditure (kJ/day)

13,883 ± 774

14,665 ± 678

• Not significant

Schmidt et al. (2012) [28]

32, RCT

-25-35 y

-men and women

−16.9-25.5 kg/m²

1.4× baseline energy requirement, for 3 days

2 groups:

- obesity prone individuals

- obesity resitant individuals

Based on calorimetry energy expenditure measurments

Free living

Unrestricted

• Steps/day

n/a

n/a

• ↓ (data not available)

For both groups

Weyer et al. (2001)

[29]

6, RCT

−21-33 y

-men

−19.5-25.5 kg/m²

200% baseline energy requirement, for 2 days

1 group, 2 diets:

- ad libitum diet

- overfeeding

Based on a 24 h in a respiratory chamber after 3 weeks of weight maintenance diet

Laboratory

Room calorimeter

Exercise prohibited

• Daily energy expenditure

n/a

n/a

• ↑ 9%

• PA energy expenditure (MJ/day)

n/a

n/a

• Not significant