|
Variable
|
Crude OR (95% CI)
|
Adjusted OR (95% CI) Individual ACEs1
|
Adjusted OR (95% CI) All individual ACEs in combined model2
|
|---|
|
Emotional abuse
|
|
No
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Yes
|
1.96 (1.56–2.49)
|
1.93 (1.46–2.55)
|
1.10 (0.75–1.63)
|
|
Sexual abuse
|
|
No
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Yes
|
2.33 (1.38–3.96)
|
2.26 (1.20–4.25)
|
1.78 (0.86–3.66)
|
|
Physical abuse
|
|
No
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Yes
|
1.75 (1.17–2.60)
|
1.87 (1.20–2.93)
|
1.14 (0.67–1.94)
|
|
Emotional neglect
|
|
No
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Yes
|
3.05 (2.41–3.88)
|
2.79 (2.10–3.70)
|
1.99 (1.34–2.93)
|
|
Physical neglect
|
|
No
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Yes
|
2.13 (1.55–2.93)
|
2.24 (1.52–3.31)
|
1.64 (1.00–2.69)
|
|
Domestic violence
|
|
No
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Yes
|
2.08 (1.53–2.83)
|
1.91 (1.35–2.72)
|
1.22 (0.78–1.90)
|
|
Parental divorce/separation
|
|
No
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Yes
|
1.29 (1.01–1.65)
|
1.13 (0.85–1.51)
|
0.96 (0.70–1.31)
|
|
Parental death
|
|
No
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Yes
|
1.11 (0.87–1.41)
|
1.26 (0.95–1.67)
|
1.15 (0.81–1.62)
|
|
Substance abuse
|
|
No
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Yes
|
1.77 (1.39–2.25)
|
1.63 (1.22–2.17)
|
1.24 (0.86–1.80)
|
|
Mental illness
|
|
No
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Yes
|
2.66 (1.95–3.65)
|
2.72 (1.89–3.91)
|
2.25 (1.45–3.51)
|
|
Incarceration
|
|
No
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Yes
|
1.15 (0.89–1.98)
|
1.12 (0.83–1.52)
|
0.79 (0.54–1.16)
|
|
Chronic illness
|
|
No
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Yes
|
1.55 (1.21–1.98)
|
1.42 (1.07–1.89)
|
1.07 (0.75–1.52)
|
|
Unemployment
|
|
No
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Yes
|
1.34 (1.07–1.68)
|
1.16 (0.89–1.51)
|
0.82 (0.59–1.15)
|
|
Marital status
|
|
Single
|
Ref
| |
Ref
|
|
Relationship
|
0.86 (0.69–1.08)
| |
0.64 (0.50–0.87)
|
|
Gender
|
|
Male
|
Ref
| |
Ref
|
|
Female
|
2.21 (1.76–2.78)
| |
2.73 (1.98–3.77)
|
|
SES
|
0.91 (0.87–0.96)
| |
0.90 (0.84–0.97)
|
|
Completed matric
|
|
No
|
Ref
| |
Ref
|
|
Yes
|
0.81 (0.65–1.02)
| |
0.84 (0.60–1.18)
|
|
Currently employed
| | | |
|
No
|
Ref
| |
Ref
|
|
Yes
|
0.68 (0.53–0.86)
| |
0.79 (0.58–1.08)
|
|
Stressful events
|
|
No
|
Ref
| |
Ref
|
|
Low
|
1.70 (1.28–2.24)
| |
1.67 (1.14–2.45)
|
|
High
|
3.22 (2.20–4.71)
| |
1.80 (1.05–3.08)
|
- In unadjusted and adjusted analysis: bold = p < 0.05; 1 Each individual ACE entered as an exposure adjusted for demographic factors; all demographic factors except completing high school were significant at p < 0.05; 2All individual ACEs placed in one multivariate model, also adjusted for demographic factors
