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Table 2 Effects of individual ACEs on PD

From: Stress begets stress: the association of adverse childhood experiences with psychological distress in the presence of adult life stress

Variable

Crude OR (95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI) Individual ACEs1

Adjusted OR (95% CI) All individual ACEs in combined model2

Emotional abuse

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

1.96 (1.56–2.49)

1.93 (1.46–2.55)

1.10 (0.75–1.63)

Sexual abuse

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

2.33 (1.38–3.96)

2.26 (1.20–4.25)

1.78 (0.86–3.66)

Physical abuse

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

1.75 (1.17–2.60)

1.87 (1.20–2.93)

1.14 (0.67–1.94)

Emotional neglect

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

3.05 (2.41–3.88)

2.79 (2.10–3.70)

1.99 (1.34–2.93)

Physical neglect

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

2.13 (1.55–2.93)

2.24 (1.52–3.31)

1.64 (1.00–2.69)

Domestic violence

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

2.08 (1.53–2.83)

1.91 (1.35–2.72)

1.22 (0.78–1.90)

Parental divorce/separation

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

1.29 (1.01–1.65)

1.13 (0.85–1.51)

0.96 (0.70–1.31)

Parental death

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

1.11 (0.87–1.41)

1.26 (0.95–1.67)

1.15 (0.81–1.62)

Substance abuse

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

1.77 (1.39–2.25)

1.63 (1.22–2.17)

1.24 (0.86–1.80)

Mental illness

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

2.66 (1.95–3.65)

2.72 (1.89–3.91)

2.25 (1.45–3.51)

Incarceration

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

1.15 (0.89–1.98)

1.12 (0.83–1.52)

0.79 (0.54–1.16)

Chronic illness

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

1.55 (1.21–1.98)

1.42 (1.07–1.89)

1.07 (0.75–1.52)

Unemployment

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

1.34 (1.07–1.68)

1.16 (0.89–1.51)

0.82 (0.59–1.15)

Marital status

 Single

Ref

 

Ref

 Relationship

0.86 (0.69–1.08)

 

0.64 (0.50–0.87)

Gender

 Male

Ref

 

Ref

 Female

2.21 (1.76–2.78)

 

2.73 (1.98–3.77)

SES

0.91 (0.87–0.96)

 

0.90 (0.84–0.97)

Completed matric

 No

Ref

 

Ref

 Yes

0.81 (0.65–1.02)

 

0.84 (0.60–1.18)

Currently employed

   

 No

Ref

 

Ref

 Yes

0.68 (0.53–0.86)

 

0.79 (0.58–1.08)

Stressful events

 No

Ref

 

Ref

 Low

1.70 (1.28–2.24)

 

1.67 (1.14–2.45)

 High

3.22 (2.20–4.71)

 

1.80 (1.05–3.08)

  1. In unadjusted and adjusted analysis: bold = p < 0.05; 1 Each individual ACE entered as an exposure adjusted for demographic factors; all demographic factors except completing high school were significant at p < 0.05; 2All individual ACEs placed in one multivariate model, also adjusted for demographic factors
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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