Table 1 Prevalence of ACEs and demographic characteristics of the sample
Variable | PD No n (%) | PD Yes n (%) | Total N (%) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Cumulative ACE Variables | ||||
Any ACE | ||||
 No | 131 (15) | 16 (5) | 147 (13) |  |
 Yes | 735 (85) | 308 (95) | 1043 (87) | < 0.001 |
ACE score categories | ||||
 None (0 ACEs) | 131 (15) | 16 (5) | 147 (13) |  |
 1 ACE | 180 (21) | 55 (17) | 235 (20) |  |
 2 ACEs | 161 (19) | 51 (16) | 212 (18) |  |
 3 ACEs | 137 (16) | 44 (14) | 181 (15) |  |
 4 or more ACEs | 257 (30) | 158 (49) | 415 (35) | < 0.001 |
Level of ACEs | ||||
 None (0 ACEs) | 131 (15) | 16 (5) | 147 (12) |  |
 Low (1 to 5) | 640 (74) | 228 (70) | 868 (73) |  |
 High (6 or more) | 95 (11) | 80 (25) | 175 (15) | < 0.001 |
Abuse | ||||
 No | 731 (69) | 220 (53) | 951 (64) |  |
 Yes | 328 (31) | 196 (47) | 524 (36) | < 0.001 |
Neglect | ||||
 No | 812 (74) | 217 (50) | 1029 (67) |  |
 Yes | 282 (26) | 214 (50) | 496 (33) | < 0.001 |
Household dysfunction | ||||
 No | 169 (16) | 29 (7) | 198 (13) |  |
 Yes | 892 (84) | 400 (93) | 1292 (87) | < 0.001 |
Individual ACE Variables | ||||
Emotional abuse | ||||
 No | 812 (74) | 256 (59) | 1068 (70) |  |
 Yes | 282 (26) | 175 (41) | 457 (30) | < 0.001 |
Sexual abuse | ||||
 No | 1032 (97) | 385 (93) | 1417 (96) |  |
 Yes | 31 (3) | 27 (7) | 58 (4) | 0.001 |
Physical abuse | ||||
 No | 997 (94) | 369 (89) | 1366 (92) |  |
 Yes | 68 (6) | 44 (11) | 112 (8) | 0.005 |
Emotional neglect | ||||
 No | 861 (78) | 235 (54) | 1096 (72) |  |
 Yes | 236 (22) | 197 (46) | 433 (28) | < 0.001 |
Physical neglect | ||||
 No | 992 (91) | 355 (82) | 1347 (88) |  |
 Yes | 101 (9) | 77 (18) | 178 (12) | < 0.001 |
Domestic violence | ||||
 No | 977 (90) | 346 (80) | 1323 (87) |  |
 Yes | 114 (10) | 84 (20) | 198 (13) | < 0.001 |
Parental divorce/separation | ||||
 No | 534 (57) | 179 (51) | 713 (55) |  |
 Yes | 401 (43) | 174 (49) | 575 (45) | 0.039 |
Parental death | ||||
 No | 794 (73) | 305 (70) | 1099 (72) |  |
 Yes | 301 (27) | 128 (30) | 429 (28) | 0.417 |
Substance abuse | ||||
 No | 836 (76) | 278 (64) | 1114 (73) |  |
 Yes | 264 (24) | 155 (36) | 419 (27) | < 0.001 |
Mental illness | ||||
 No | 1003 (91) | 345 (80) | 1348 (88) |  |
 Yes | 96 (9) | 88 (20) | 184 (12) | < 0.001 |
Imprisonment | ||||
 No | 852 (78) | 325 (75) | 1177 (77) |  |
 Yes | 246 (22) | 108 (25) | 354 (23) | 0.289 |
Chronic illness | ||||
 No | 837 (76) | 292 (68) | 1129 (74) |  |
 Yes | 259 (24) | 140 (32) | 399 (26) | < 0.001 |
Unemployment | ||||
 No | 644 (59) | 222 (51) | 866 (57) |  |
 Yes | 456 (41) | 211 (49) | 667 (43) | 0.010 |
Age | 23 (SD 0.6) | 23 (SD 0.6) | 23 (SD 0.6) | 0.494 |
Marital status | ||||
 Single | 538 (49) | 228 (52) | 766 (50) |  |
 Marital relationship | 567 (51) | 207 (48) | 774 (50) | 0.188 |
Gender | ||||
 Male | 594 (54) | 150 (34) | 744 (48) |  |
 Female | 516 (46) | 288 (66) | 804 (52) | < 0.001 |
SES | 9.4 (SD 2.3) | 8.9 (SD 2.3) | 9.3 (SD 2.2) | 0.002 |
Secondary school graduation | ||||
 No | 414 (38) | 185 (43) | 599 (39) |  |
 Yes | 680 (62) | 247 (57) | 927 (61) | 0.073 |
Currently employed | ||||
 No | 450 (47) | 219 (57) | 669 (50) |  |
 Yes | 503 (53) | 166 (43) | 669 (50) | 0.001 |
Stressful life events (previous 6Â months) | ||||
 No | 352 (33) | 85 (20) | 437 (29) |  |
 Low | 619 (58) | 254 (61) | 873 (59) |  |
 High | 99 (9) | 77 (19) | 176 (12) | < 0.001 |