Fig. 1

Dynamic causal theory linking built environment, local walking and cycling and outcomes for wellbeing, expressed as a Causal Loop Diagram (CLD). Variables in green are being assessed during the Future Streets study. Arrows with positive signs (+) indicate that a change in the arrow-tail variable leads to a corresponding change in the arrow-head variable. Arrows with a negative sign (−) indicate that a change in the arrow-tail variable leads to an inverse change in the arrow-head variable. R – Reinforcing loop, the result of which is an amplification of the initial pattern of behaviour. – Balancing loop, the result of which is a dampening of the initial pattern of behaviour