Table 1 Sample characteristics according to smoking history and sex

Age (years)

60.7 ± 10.0 ^a,b

62.0 ± 10.3

62.1 ± 9.9 ^a,c

61.6 ± 9.9

64.4 ± 9.5 ^b,c

62.3 ± 9.4

BMI (kg/m²)

27.9 ± 4.6 ^b

27.0 ± 5.5 ^b

27.9 ± 4.1 ^c

27.2 ± 5.3 ^c

28.9 ± 4.8 ^b,c

28.2 ± 6.1 ^b,c

Education (% of sample)

Less than secondary school graduation

2.0%

3.7%

3.1%

4.2%

7.4%

7.6%

Secondary school graduation, no post-secondary education

5.7%

8.8%

8.4%

9.5%

11.3%

15.4%

Some post-secondary education

5.8%

6.1%

7.1%

8.1%

9.5%

9.8%

Post-secondary degree/diploma

86.5%

81.5%

81.4%

78.2%

71.8%

67.1%

Retirement Status

Retired

33.1%

43.5%

37.6%

43.8%

47.0%

45.4%

Not or partly retired

66.9%

56.5%

62.4%

56.2%

53.0%

54.6%

Activity Levels (hours/week)

In sitting activities

17.4 ± 6.3 ^b

17.5 ± 6.3 ^b

17.4 ± 6.2 ^c

17.8 ± 6.3 ^c

18.6 ± 5.8 ^b,c

18.6 ± 5.9 ^b,c

Walking

4.3 ± 4.6 ^a

4.4 ± 4.5

4.7 ± 4.7 ^a

4.6 ± 4.6

4.5 ± 5.0

4.3 ± 4.5

Light activities

0.9 ± 2.8

0.9 ± 2.3

1.0 ± 3.0

0.8 ± 2.3

1.0 ± 2.9

0.8 ± 2.5

Moderate sports or recreational activities

0.9 ± 3.0

0.6 ± 2.2

1.1 ± 3.3

0.7 ± 2.3

0.9 ± 3.2

0.7 ± 2.3

Strenuous sports or recreational activities

1.9 ± 3.4 ^b

1.4 ± 3.0 ^b

2.0 ± 3.7 ^c

1.5 ± 3.1 ^c

1.5 ± 3.4 ^b,c

0.9 ± 2.3 ^b,c

Increase muscle strength and endurance

0.8 ± 1.8 ^b

0.6 ± 1.5

0.9 ± 1.9 ^c

0.7 ± 1.7 ^c

0.7 ± 1.8 ^b,c

0.6 ± 1.5 ^c

Sleep

Less than 6 h

9.5%

12.0%

10.1%

12.8%

12.3%

14.2%

6 to 8 h

87.1%

82.8%

86.2%

80.3%

82.6%

78.8%

More than 8 h

3.4%

5.1%

3.8%

6.9%

5.1%

7.0%

FEV₁ (L)

3.4 ± 0.7 ^b

2.4 ± 0.5 ^a,b

3.3 ± 0.7 ^c

2.4 ± 0.5 ^a,c

3.0 ± 0.7 ^b,c

2.2 ± 0.5 ^b,c

FVC (L)

4.3 ± 0.8 ^b

3.0 ± 0.6 ^a,b

4.3 ± 0.8 ^c

3.1 ± 0.6 ^a,c

4.0 ± 0.8 ^b,c

2.9 ± 0.6 ^b,c

FEV₁% predicted

98.6 ± 14.6 ^b

101.0 ± 15.7 ^b

99.3 ± 14.8 ^c

101.3 ± 15.1 ^c

92.4 ± ^b,c 16.2

94.9 ± 16.1 ^b,c

FVC % predicted

92.8 ± 13.1 ^b

95.8 ± 14.1 ^a,b

93.5 ± 12.6 ^c

96.8 ± 13.1 ^a,c

88.3 ± 13.5 ^b,c

92.5 ± 13.5 ^b,c