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Table 2 Included studies: study design, country, data sources, methods of analysis, and outcomes of interest

From: The impact of participatory budgeting on health and wellbeing: a scoping review of evaluations

First author date

Country

Data source(s) Individual/aggregate data

Analysis

Outcome(s)

Source of funding for evaluation

Investigator connection

Randomised controlled trials

Beuermann

2014 [21]

Russia

Municipal data survey (n = 109)

Household survey (n = 1645), political representatives (n = 109)

Aggregate + Individual

Fixed effects regression comparing 2 PB treatment areas and control non-PB areas

Tax revenue. Allocation of PB funds. Participation in PB.

World Bank (IDB); Government of the Russian Federation.

PB consultants for the RCT conducted evaluation

Quantitative observational studies

Schneider

2002 [22]

Brazil

Municipal data (n = 497)

Aggregate

Linear regression

comparing PB and non-PB municipalities

Impact on participation in PB by spending of PB

None stated

Academic investigator

Biderman 2007 [24]

Brazil

RAIS administrative records, census data

Aggregate

Fixed effects regression comparing PB and non-PB municipalities

Tax revenue, infant mortality, education

Part funded by World Bank

Academic investigators

Wampler

2007/2012 [30, 31]

Brazil

Survey (n = 833)

Individual

Logistic regression

Impact on further political activities

National Science Foundation

Academic investigator

World Bank

2008 [8]

Brazil

Municipal data (n = 150+)

Survey (n = 1300)

Aggregate + Individual

Difference in differences

comparing PB and non-PB municipalities

Municipal budget PB expenditure, poverty, sanitation, infant mortality, education, participation of disadvantaged groups

Social Development Unit of the Latin America and

Caribbean Region (LCSSO) and the Social Development Department (SDV) of the World Bank.

NGO investigation

Boulding

2010 [9]

Brazil

Brazilian Institute of Geography and Economics, census

Aggregate

Linear regression

comparing PB and non-PB municipalities

Poverty, inequality (GINI), life expectancy, infant mortality, adult and child literacy. Allocation of PB funding

None stated. Academic evaluation

Garcia

2011 [29]

Spain

Center for Sociological Research

Survey (n = 1004)

Individual

Linear regression analysis

comparing district council system

Participation of women, impact on further political activities

Women’s Institute and the National R & D & I Plan of the Government of Spain.

Academic investigator

Borba

2012 [32]

Brazil

NUPESAL (Nucleo de Pesquisas Sobre a America Latina)

Survey (n = 533)

Individual

Logistic regression analysis comparing residents involved in PB and non-PB involved residents

Impact on further political activities, participation in PB

None stated

Academic investigator

Jaramillo

2013 [23]

Peru

Municipal data (n = 219) from MSUNASS, PB-DNPP, MEF-SIAF, ONPE, JNE, RENAMU.

Interviews (n =?) in 4 PB areas

Aggregate + Individual

Linear regression analysis comparing 2007 data with 2001

Sanitation (water coverage and continuity)

Institutional Capacity Strengthening Fund (ICSF), managed by Inter-American

Development Bank (IDB), Government of the People’s Republic of China.

NGO investigation

Da Silva

2014 [33]

Brazil

Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics

Aggregate

Cross tabulation descriptive analysis

PB investment per capita by deprived area. Impact on PB results by type of PB

Not stated

Academic investigator

Goncalves 2014 [25]

Brazil

Municipal data (n = 3651) from Brazilian Institute of Geography and Economics, census

Aggregate

Fixed effects regression comparing PB and non-PB municipalities

Municipal budget PB expenditure on education, housing, sanitation, cultural. Poverty, infant mortality

Not stated

Academic investigator

Touchton

2014 [26]

Brazil

Municipal data (n = 253) from Brazilian Institute of Geography and Economics, census

Aggregate

Random effects regression comparing PB and non-PB municipalities

Municipal budget PB expenditure on healthcare and sanitation. Infant mortality

Boise State University’s College of Social Science and Public Affairs

Academic investigators

Jaramillo

2015 [27]

Peru

Municipal data

Survey 2 wave (n = 100)

Aggregate + Individual

Linear regression analysis comparing 2010 data with 2007

Number and quality of agricultural services

National Science Foundation and the Boren National Security Education Program

Not for Profit research centre/academic investigators

Grillos 2017 [28]

Indonesia

Municipal data Aggregate

Linear regression analysis comparing city sub-districts

Allocation of PB funding

Harvard Kennedy School Indonesia Program

Academic investigator

Single case studies

Abers

1998 [34]

Brazil

Interviews (n = 90), survey (n = 622), participant observation in study area

Individual

Qualitative

Mobilisation of neighbourhood residents. Impact on further political activities. Participation in PB by low income.

Not stated

Academic investigator

Baiocchi

2001 [16]

Brazil

Survey (n = unclear, 10% plenary meeting attendees)

Individual

Qualitative + descriptive quantitative

Participation in PB of disadvantaged groups (women, low income, low education).

National Science Foundation, Inter American Foundation, and University of Wisconsin

Academic investigator

Baiocchi

2003 [47]

Brazil

Interviews (n = 65), survey (n = 74), participant observation at PB assemblies

Individual

Qualitative

Use of PB assembly meetings for further community activities.

Not stated

Academic investigator

Hernandez

2010 [41]

Brazil

Interviews (n = 30), participant observation at PB assemblies. Data from Data from Coordenadoria do Orçamento Participativo (COP)

Individual

Qualitative + descriptive quantitative

Participation in PB of disadvantaged groups: Afro-Brazilians, senior citizens, children and adolescents, the GLBT community, women, indigenous groups, homeless, and people with disabilities.

Tinker Foundation, the Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies and the Graduate School at Brown University

Academic investigator

Walker

2013/2016 [44, 45]

Brazil

Interviews (n = 20), participant observation in study area

Individual

Qualitative + descriptive quantitative

Political and social learning (negotiations for housing)

National Science Foundation and the Foundation for Urban and Regional studentship

Academic investigators

Stewart

2014 [20]

USA

Municipal data (City of Chicago’s Aldermanic Menu reports), census data, PB evaluation reports

Aggregate + Individual

Qualitative + descriptive quantitative

Participation in PB. Allocation of PB funds.

None stated

Academic investigators

Célérier

2015 [36]

Brazil

Interviews (n = 18), survey (n = 46), participant observation

Qualitative

Participation in PB. Impact on political activities.

HEC Foundation and of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Academic investigators

Kendall

2015 [18]

Malawi

Survey, data collection (5 sites)

Qualitative + descriptive quantitative

Impact on democratic processes relating to the school, local communities and funding bodies.

TAG Philanthropic Foundation

Academic investigators

McNulty

2015 [43]

Peru

Interviews (n = unclear), government data

Single case study

Participation in PB by women.

Franklin and Marshall College and The American Association of University Women

Academic investigator

Hajdarowicz 2018 [63]

Columbia

Interviews (n = 19), participant observation

Qualitative

Participation in PB by women.

None stated

Academic investigator

Multiple case studies

Nylen

2003 [37]

 

Interviews (n = unclear), survey (n = 1280)

Individual

Qualitative + descriptive quantitative

Participation in PB of disadvantaged groups (women, low education). Empowerment, impact on further political activities.

Academic investigator

Cabannes

2005 [49]

South America (multiple)

Survey (n = 4 PB schemes)

?

Qualitative + descriptive quantitative

Allocation of PB funds.

UNDP/Habitat

NGO evaluation

Renno

2010 [51]

Brazil

Survey 3 wave (n = unclear)

Qualitative

Political learning. Impact on political activities.

None stated

Academic investigator

SQW Consulting

2011 [19]

UK

Survey (n = unclear). Municipal data [check]

Qualitative + descriptive quantitative

Political and social learning

Department for Communities and Local Government

Government evaluation

Wu

2011 [46]

China

Interviews (n = 15), Survey (n = 547)

Qualitative

Political and social learning

China Development Research Foundation (CDRF) Chinese central government, People’s Bank of China

Academic investigators

Bassoli

2012 [48]

Italy

Survey 3 wave (2002/3 n = 12; 2005 n = 4; 2007/9 n = 9)

Qualitative

Democratic characteristics of PB schemes: inclusion, participation, the role of the opposition, and transparency.

None stated

Academic investigator

Luchmann

2012 [42]

Brazil

Focus group PB delegates and councillors, survey (n = 47)

Qualitative

Political and social learning

CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa / National Research Council)

Academic investigator

Talpin

2012 [38]

Italy

Interviews (n = 12), participant observation at 54 PB meetings

Qualitative

Participation in PB. Political learning. Impact on further political activities.

None stated

Academic investigator

Cabannes 2015 [39]

Multiple across South America, North America, Africa, Asia, Europe

Interviews (n = 12), Survey (n = 20)

Aggregate + Individual

Qualitative + descriptive quantitative

Impact on political processes of municipality. Water supply, sanitation, public transport, roads, electricity supply

Aid UK, UK Government

NGO (IIED) evaluation

del Prado

2015 [40]

Philippines

Interviews (n = unclear), focus groups (n = unclear). Municipal data (sources unclear)

Individual

Qualitative + descriptive quantitative

Allocation of PB funds

Government think tank evaluation

Džinic 2016 [17]

Eastern Europe

Multiple

Municipal data from municipality websites, press and official reports

Aggregate

Qualitative + descriptive quantitative

Allocation of PB funds.

None stated

Academic investigators

Montambeault

2016 [50]

Brazil

Survey (2009 n = 967, 2014 n = 473)

Individual

Qualitative

Participation in PB.

Emerging Scholar grant from the Fonds de la Recherche du Québec—Société et Culture

Academic investigator

Gregorčič 2016 [52]

Solvenia, Iceland

Interviews (n = 12, Solvenia), participant observation (Iceland)

Qualitative

Political and social learning

Not stated

Academic investigator