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Table 4 Logistic regression analysis presenting adjusted odds ratios for each childhood health and well-being outcome by ACE count, resilience assets and demographics

From: Adverse childhood experiences and sources of childhood resilience: a retrospective study of their combined relationships with child health and educational attendance

 

Common childhood conditions

 

Poor childhood healtha

High school absenteeismb

Asthma

Allergies

Headaches

Digestive

AOR (95%CIs)

P

AOR(95%CIs)

P

AOR(95%CIs)

P

AOR(95%CIs)

P

AOR(95%CIs)

P

AOR(95%CIs)

P

ACE Count

0

Ref

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

1

1.25 (0.89–1.75)

0.205

1.14 (0.86–1.52)

0.360

1.48 (1.14–1.92)

0.003

1.75 (1.26–2.44)

< 0.001

1.41 (1.03–1.92)

0.031

2.04 (1.40–2.99)

< 0.001

 

2–3

1.91 (1.38–2.64)

< 0.001

1.26 (0.94–1.69)

0.130

1.75 (1.33–2.28)

< 0.001

1.56 (1.09–2.23)

0.015

1.79 (1.31–2.44)

< 0.001

2.32 (1.59–3.39)

< 0.001

 

≥4

2.76 (2.00–3.82)

< 0.001

2.05 (1.51–2.77)

< 0.001

2.71 (2.05–3.59)

< 0.001

3.32 (2.36–4.67)

< 0.001

2.59 (1.86–3.61)

< 0.001

4.74 (3.26–6.89)

< 0.001

Childhood resilience assets

Community help

 

0.498

 

0.660

 

0.633

 

0.503

 

0.719

 

0.411

Adult available

 

0.760

 

0.838

 

0.572

0.73 (0.55–0.97)

0.030

 

0.182

 

0.595

Given Opportunities

 

0.051

 

0.583

 

0.992

 

0.571

0.64 (0.49–0.85)

0.002

0.57 (0.42–0.79)

< 0.001

 

Treated fairly

 

0.579

0.61 (0.46–0.81)

< 0.001

 

0.188

 

0.436

 

0.276

0.60 (0.42–0.85)

0.004

 

Culturally engaged

 

0.302

 

0.892

 

0.370

 

0.866

 

0.247

 

0.428

 

Supportive friends

 

0.434

 

0.916

0.67 (0.51–0.88)

0.004

 

0.263

0.49 (0.36–0.67)

< 0.001

 

0.123

 

Role model

 

0.315

 

0.493

 

0.411

 

0.478

0.58 (0.42–0.79)

< 0.001

 

0.114

ACE count* Childhood resilience assets

Community help

 

0.241

 

0.886

 

0.306

 

0.322

 

0.274

 

0.530

Adult available

 

0.231

 

0.215

 

0.530

 

0.226

 

0.396

 

0.147

Given Opportunities

 

0.369

 

0.847

 

0.600

 

0.240

 

0.904

 

0.339

Treated fairly

 

0.526

 

0.926

 

0.155

 

0.291

 

0.480

 

0.479

Culturally engaged

 

0.686

 

0.811

 

0.317

 

0.833

 

0.967

 

0.213

Supportive friends

 

0.755

 

0.834

 

0.362

 

0.774

 

0.077

 

0.144

Role model

 

0.717

 

0.835

 

0.754

 

0.195

 

0.574

 

0.579

Age (years)

18–29

Ref

< 0.001

 

0.046

 

< 0.001

 

0.641

 

0.002

 

0.042

30–39

0.83 (0.59–1.17)

0.284

0.99 (0.72–1.36)

0.931

0.71 (0.53–0.96)

0.025

 

0.265

0.73 (0.52–1.02)

0.068

1.08 (0.72–1.63)

0.697

 

40–49

0.40 (0.28–0.59)

< 0.001

0.73 (0.52–1.01)

0.055

0.68 (0.50–0.91)

0.010

 

0.904

0.57 (0.40–0.80)

< 0.001

0.99 (0.66–1.48)

0.942

 

50–59

0.48 (0.34–0.69)

< 0.001

0.82 (0.60–1.14)

0.239

0.55 (0.40–0.74)

< 0.001

 

0.215

0.51 (0.36–0.73)

0.000

1.15 (0.77–1.72)

0.484

 

60–69

0.34 (0.23–0.51)

< 0.001

0.66 (0.47–0.92)

0.013

0.52 (0.39–0.71)

< 0.001

 

0.705

0.65 (0.46–0.91)

0.012

0.59 (0.37–0.93)

0.023

Sexc

Male

 

0.233

0.79 (0.64–0.98)

0.030

0.68 (0.56–0.83)

< 0.001

0.76 (0.59–0.98)

0.031

 

0.341

 

0.303

Deprivation quintile

1 (least deprived)

Ref

0.991

 

0.232

 

0.677

 

0.236

 

0.144

 

< 0.001

2

 

0.701

 

0.163

 

0.677

 

0.395

 

0.189

1.44 (0.87–2.37)

0.153

 

3

 

0.696

 

0.462

 

0.452

 

0.067

 

0.375

1.51 (0.93–2.43)

0.094

 

4

 

0.834

 

0.981

 

0.590

 

0.210

 

0.106

2.55 (1.60–4.06)

< 0.001

 

5 (most deprived)

 

0.895

 

0.038

 

0.479

 

0.316

 

0.664

2.76 (1.72–4.44)

< 0.001

Sampled

Boost

 

0.685

 

0.289

 

0.695

 

0.174

 

0.269

 

0.723

Ethnicitye

Other

0.32 (0.13–0.80)

0.015

 

0.608

 

0.553

 

0.271

 

0.525

 

0.056

  1. Ref = reference category. Logistic regression used a conditional model with only terms significantly contributing to the model’s fit to observed data (P < 0.05) retained in the final model. P values are shown for all terms entered into the model. AORs (Adjusted Odds Ratios) are only calculated for significant terms which remained in the model. Successive stages in model development for each outcome are shown in Additional file 1: Table S2. aSelf-rated overall health in childhood was categorised ‘poor’ for responses fair or poor; other options were excellent, very good or good; bSecondary school absenteeism was rated high if > 20 days per year; cReference group = female; dBoost is additional randomised sample from high Welsh language areas (> 40% Welsh speaking), reference group = core sample; eReference group = White