Table 1 Characteristics of 13 included articles from the Caribbean describing the social distribution of prostate cancer frequency and outcomes [30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42]
From: Social determinants of prostate cancer in the Caribbean: a systematic review and meta-analysis
| Study-level characteristics | Inequality relationships reported | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Article (n = 13) | Study design | Sample size | Age | Study-base | Country | Measurement tool/source | Frequency | Outcome | Main findings |
| Bray, 2016 [42] | Registry-based | / | 0–74 | Population | Bahamas, Barbados, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Maritinique, Puerto Rico, Suriname, Trinidad & Tobago | / | / | Residence | Cumulative mortality risk per country is as follows - Puerto Rico (1.0%), Martinique (1.8%), Suriname (1.9%), Cuba (2.3%), Guadelope (2.7%), Bahamas (3.0%), Haiti (3.1%), Dominican Republic (3.3%), Jamaica (3.8%), Barbados (3.9%), Guyana (4.4%), Trinidad and Tobago (4.9%) |
| Fernández, 2005 [30, 31]a | Case-control | 527 | < 84 | Health-facility | Cuba | histological/cytological test | Education | / | Proportions (cases, controls) are as follows - none (37.7, 32.3%), primary (38.8, 35.8%), technical (17.9, 24.4%), university (5.5, 7.5%). Regression results are as follows - none (ref), primary (OR 0.6, CI 0.4–1.1), technical (OR 1.1, CI 0.7–1.6), university (OR 0.7, CI 0.4–1.3). |
| Ethnicity | Proportions (cases, controls) are as follows - white (50.9, 57.5%), black or mixed (49.1, 42.5%). Regression results are as follows - white (ref), black or mixed (OR 1.3, CI 0.9–1.9). | ||||||||
| Marital status | Proportions (cases, controls) are as follows - married (65.9, 63.8%), single (9.9, 15.0%), divorced (11.4, 11.8%), widower (12.8, 9.4%). Regression results are as follows - married (ref), single (OR 1.1, CI 0.6–1.9), divorced (OR 1.4, CI 0.7–2.9), widower (OR 0.7, CI 0.3–1.4). | ||||||||
| Occupation | Proportions (cases, controls) of Set 1 are as follows - worker (13.2, 25.7%), retired and not working (59.7, 64.2%), retired and working (26.7, 19.7%), unemployed (0.4, 0.4%). Regression results are as follows - workers (ref), retired and not working (OR 1.1, CI 0.7–1.8), retired and working (OR 1.6, CI 0.9–2.9), unemployed (OR 1.1, CI 0.1–18.4). Proportions (cases, controls) of Set 2 are as follows: qualified non-manual worker (15.0, 15%), qualified manual worker (31.5, 33.1%), administrative assistant (13.9, 11.8%), administrative worker (16.1, 16.1%), foreman (4.0, 6.7%), teacher (0.4, 0.8%), craftsman (2.2, 0.8%), shop keeper (6.6, 6.7%), professional (5.5, 7.5%), agricultural worker (4.8, 1.6%). | ||||||||
| Fernández, 2005 [30, 31]a | Case-control | 527 | < 84 | Health-facility | Cuba | histological/cytological test | Education | / | Proportions (cases, controls) are as follows - none (37.7, 32.3%), primary (38.8, 35.8%), technical (17.9, 24.4%), university (5.5, 7.5%). |
| Ethnicity | Proportions (cases, controls) are as follows - white (52.2, 57.9%), black (24.1, 20.2%), mixed (23.7, 21.8%). | ||||||||
| Marital status | Proportions (cases, controls) are as follows - married (65.9, 63.8%), single (9.9, 15.0%), divorced (11.4, 11.8%), widower (12.8, 9.4%). | ||||||||
| Jackson, 2012 [35]b | Case-control | 435 | 40 to 80 | Health-facility | Jamaica | histological test | Education | / | Proportions are as follows (all cases, high grade cases, low grade cases, controls) - primary or less (89.5, 83.8, 93.3, 79.9%), secondary (5.8, 8.0, 3.8, 14.6%), tertiary (4.7, 7.5, 2.9, 5.4%). |
| Jackson, 2013 [32]b | Case-control | 402 | 40 to 80 | Health-facility | Jamaica | histological test | Education | / | Proportions are as follows (all cases, high grade cases, low grade cases, controls) - primary or less (89.5, 83.8, 93.3, 79.9%), secondary (5.8, 8.0, 3.8, 14.6%), tertiary (4.7, 7.5, 2.9, 5.4%). |
| Jackson, 2015 [39]b | Case-control | 472 | 41 to 80 | Health-facility | Jamaica | histological test | Education | / | Proportions (cases, controls) are as follows - primary or less (90.3, 80.8%), secondary or higher (9.7, 19.2%). p = 0.003 |
| McDonald, 2011 [36]d | Case-cohort | 511 | 40 to 81 | Region/community | Trinidad &Tobago | fine needle aspiration biopsy | Education | / | Proportions (cases, controls) are as follows - ≤11 years (80.2, 77.0%), > 11 years (19.8,% 23.0). p = 0.83. |
| Marital status | Proportions (cases, controls) are as follows - ever married (85.4, 81.0%), never married (14.6, 19.0%). p = 0.48. | ||||||||
| Multigner, 2010 [37] | Case-control | 1294 | adults | Population | Guadeloupe | histopathological test | Education | / | Proportions (cases, controls) are as follows - high school and higher (13.3, 10.7%), secondary (25.4, 31.9%), primary (61.4, 57.4%). p = 0.03. |
| Nemesure, 2013 [33]d | Case-control | 1271 | adults | Population | Barbados | histological test | Education | / | Means and standard deviations of total years of education are as follows - cases (11.9+/−3.9), controls (11.6+/−3.3). p = 0.21. |
| Marital status | Proportions (cases, controls) are as follows - single or never married (15.4, 22.3%), married or living together (61.0, 52.0%), separated or divorced (10.0, 14.0%), widowed (8.6, 7.3%). p = 0.001. | ||||||||
| Occupation | Proportions (cases, controls) are as follows - professional/administration/management (25.9, 22.5%). p = 0.15. | ||||||||
| Santana, 2011 [40] | Cross-sectional | NR | adults | Population | Cuba | Mortality Statistics Department of the Provincial Health Directorate Santiago de Cuba and the State Committee for Statistics (census) | / | Residence | The number of deaths and crude mortality rates (per 100,000) of prostate cancer are as follows - Contramaestre (21, 39.2), Mella (12, 66.2), San Luis (27, 59.3), II Frente (11, 52.9), Songo-La Maya (41, 85.8), Santiago (128, 53.0), Palma (31, 50.3), III Frente (4, 25.2), Guamá (10, 54.5) |
| Smit, 2007 [41]d | Prospective cohort | 9824 | 35 to 79 | Population | Puerto Rico | Puerto Rico cancer registry and Puerto Rico biostatistics registry | / | Education | Proportions for prostate cancer death cases and non-prostate cancer death cases are as follows - no formal schooling (9.6, 10.1%), grades 1–4 (30.5, 35.3%), grades 5–8 (34.7, 28.7%), attended/completed high school (13.2, 17.7%), more than high school (12.0, 8.2%). p = 0.09. |
| Residence | Proportions for prostate cancer death cases and non-prostate cancer death cases are as follows - urban (28.1, 30.5%), rural (71.9, 69.5%). p = 0.52. | ||||||||
| Soto-Salgado, 2012 [34]c | Registry-based | NR | 45+ | Population | Puerto Rico | Puerto Rico central cancer registry and surveillence, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) programme of the national cancer institute | SEPI e | SEP e | Age-specific incidence per 100,000 is as follows - SEP1 (334.0), SEP2 (322.8), SEP3 (305.8), SEP4 (336.2), SEP5 (396.5). Ratio and CI of SEP5/SEP1 is 1.12, 1.04–1.21. Age-specific mortality per 100,000 is as follows - SEP1 (102.7), SEP2 (84.7), SEP3 (79.6), SEP4 (85.1), SEP5 (89.4). Ratio and CI of SEP5/SEP1 is 0.88, 0.07–1.02. Refer to article for age-specific rates. |
| Torres-Cintrón, 2012 [38]c | Registry-based | NR | 45+ | Population | Puerto Rico | Puerto Rico Central Cancer Registry (PRCCR) and Puerto Rico Department of Health | SEPI e | SEP e | Age-specific incidence per 100,000 is as follows - SEP1 (334.0), SEP2 (322.8), SEP3 (305.8), SEP4 (336.2), SEP5 (396.5). Ratio and CI of SEP5/SEP1 is 1.12, 1.04–1.21. Age-specific mortality per 100,000 is as follows - SEP1 (102.7), SEP2 (84.7), SEP3 (79.6), SEP4 (85.1), SEP5 (89.4). Ratio and CI of SEP5/SEP1 is 0.88, 0.07–1.02. Refer to article for age-specific rates. |