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Table 4 Unadjusted and adjusted multilevel logistic regression of a woman giving birth in a health facility by predictor variables for 29 sub-Saharan African countries

From: Health facility delivery in sub-Saharan Africa: successes, challenges, and implications for the 2030 development agenda

Determinants

Unadjusted OR (95% CI)

Model 0 (Empty Model)

Model 1 Adjusted OR (95% CI)a

Fixed effects

   

Household characteristics

   

 Wealth quintile

   

   Lowest

Ref

 

Ref

   Second

1.25 (1.23–1.27)***

 

1.18 (1.15–1.20)***

   Third

1.48 (1.45–1.50)***

 

1.29 (1.27–1.32)***

   Fourth

1.86 (1.83–1.90)***

 

1.43 (1.40–1.47)***

   Highest

2.84 (2.78–2.89)***

 

1.68 (1.63–1.72)***

Residence

   

  Rural

Ref

 

Ref

   Urban

2.66 (2.61–2.70)***

 

2.02 (1.97–2.06)***

Woman characteristics

   

  Mother’s education

   

   None

Ref

 

Ref

   At least primary

2.46 (2.43–2.49)***

 

1.84 (1.82–1.88)***

Community characteristics

   

Community women’s education

   

   Low

Ref

 

Ref

   Medium

1.16 (1.12–1.20)***

 

1.08 (1.04–1.11)***

   High

1.33 (1.29–1.38)***

 

1.11 (1.08–1.15)***

Pregnancy characteristics

   

  Number of ANC visits

   

   None

Ref

 

Ref

   At least once

25.78 (25.44–26.13)***

 

23.71 (23.38–24.04)***

 Mother’s age at birth

   

< 20

Ref

 

Ref

   20–24

1.29 (1.27–1.31)***

 

1.35 (1.33–1.38)***

   25–29

1.70 (1.67–1.72)***

 

1.74 (1.70–1.78)***

   30+

2.70 (2.67–2.74)***

 

2.37 (2.31–2.44)***

Child-specific characteristics

   

  Birth order

   

   1

Ref

 

Ref

   2–3

1.09 (1.08–1.10)***

 

0.75 (0.73–0.76)***

   4+

1.47 (1.45–1.48)***

 

0.62 (0.60–0.63)***

Survey characteristics

   

 Survey round

   

   Earliest

Ref

 

Ref

   Latest

1.60 (1.58–1.62)***

 

1.85 (1.81–1.88)***

Region

   

Western Africa

Ref

 

Ref

Middle Africa

2.04 (1.16–3.57)**

 

1.54 (0.85–2.82)

Eastern Africa

0.99 (0.66–1.49)

 

0.78 (0.51–1.21)

Southern Africa

1.56 (0.74–3.27)

 

1.05 (0.48–2.33)

Random effects

   

Country-level

   

Variance (SE)

 

0.557 (0.074)***

0.529 (0.070)***

Intra-country correlation (SE)

 

0.072 (0.018)

0.067 (0.016)

Cluster-level

   

Variance (SE)

 

0.836 (0.006)

0.728 (0.006)***

Intra-cluster correlation (SE)

 

0.235 (0.015)

0.197 (0.014)

LR test vs. logistic model

 

96,382.99

51,425.27

Prob > Chi2

 

0.001

0.001

  1. Notes: ANC – Antenatal care; CI – confidence interval; ***p < 0.001; SE – Standard error; **p < 0.05; Ref – Reference category; OR – odds ratio
  2. aOdds ratios were calculated using unadjusted and adjusted multivariate analysis. A total of 1,159,282 births were included in the analysis