Determinants | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Model 0 (Empty Model) | Model 1 Adjusted OR (95% CI)a |
---|---|---|---|
Fixed effects | |||
Household characteristics | |||
Wealth quintile | |||
Lowest | Ref | Ref | |
Second | 1.25 (1.23–1.27)*** | 1.18 (1.15–1.20)*** | |
Third | 1.48 (1.45–1.50)*** | 1.29 (1.27–1.32)*** | |
Fourth | 1.86 (1.83–1.90)*** | 1.43 (1.40–1.47)*** | |
Highest | 2.84 (2.78–2.89)*** | 1.68 (1.63–1.72)*** | |
Residence | |||
Rural | Ref | Ref | |
Urban | 2.66 (2.61–2.70)*** | 2.02 (1.97–2.06)*** | |
Woman characteristics | |||
Mother’s education | |||
None | Ref | Ref | |
At least primary | 2.46 (2.43–2.49)*** | 1.84 (1.82–1.88)*** | |
Community characteristics | |||
Community women’s education | |||
Low | Ref | Ref | |
Medium | 1.16 (1.12–1.20)*** | 1.08 (1.04–1.11)*** | |
High | 1.33 (1.29–1.38)*** | 1.11 (1.08–1.15)*** | |
Pregnancy characteristics | |||
Number of ANC visits | |||
None | Ref | Ref | |
At least once | 25.78 (25.44–26.13)*** | 23.71 (23.38–24.04)*** | |
Mother’s age at birth | |||
< 20 | Ref | Ref | |
20–24 | 1.29 (1.27–1.31)*** | 1.35 (1.33–1.38)*** | |
25–29 | 1.70 (1.67–1.72)*** | 1.74 (1.70–1.78)*** | |
30+ | 2.70 (2.67–2.74)*** | 2.37 (2.31–2.44)*** | |
Child-specific characteristics | |||
Birth order | |||
1 | Ref | Ref | |
2–3 | 1.09 (1.08–1.10)*** | 0.75 (0.73–0.76)*** | |
4+ | 1.47 (1.45–1.48)*** | 0.62 (0.60–0.63)*** | |
Survey characteristics | |||
Survey round | |||
Earliest | Ref | Ref | |
Latest | 1.60 (1.58–1.62)*** | 1.85 (1.81–1.88)*** | |
Region | |||
Western Africa | Ref | Ref | |
Middle Africa | 2.04 (1.16–3.57)** | 1.54 (0.85–2.82) | |
Eastern Africa | 0.99 (0.66–1.49) | 0.78 (0.51–1.21) | |
Southern Africa | 1.56 (0.74–3.27) | 1.05 (0.48–2.33) | |
Random effects | |||
Country-level | |||
Variance (SE) | 0.557 (0.074)*** | 0.529 (0.070)*** | |
Intra-country correlation (SE) | 0.072 (0.018) | 0.067 (0.016) | |
Cluster-level | |||
Variance (SE) | 0.836 (0.006) | 0.728 (0.006)*** | |
Intra-cluster correlation (SE) | 0.235 (0.015) | 0.197 (0.014) | |
LR test vs. logistic model | 96,382.99 | 51,425.27 | |
Prob > Chi2 | 0.001 | 0.001 |