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Table 4 Cyberbullying in relation to sociodemographic and other factors in Germany, the Netherlands and Iceland separately: crude odds ratio (OR) and adjusted OR from multiple logistic regression analyses, with 95% confidence intervals

From: Cross-national aspects of cyberbullying victimization among 14–17-year-old adolescents across seven European countries

 

Germany

Netherlands

Iceland

 

OR

95% CI

Adjusted OR

P

OR

95% CI

Adjusted OR

P

OR

95% CI

Adjusted OR

P

Gender

 Females

1b

1b

 

1b

1b

 

1b

1b

 

 Males

0.96

(0.76–1.21)

1.03a

(0.80–1.33)

0.82

0.53

(0.39–0.73)

0.50

(0.30–0.83)

0.008

0.63

(0.51–0.79)

0.75

(0.5–1.12)

0.16

Age (years)

 14–15.9

1

1

 

1

1

 

1

1

 

 16–17.9

1.00

(0.82–1.22)

1.04

(0.81–1.34)

0.74

0.91

(0.68–1.21)

0.85

(0.54–1.33)

0.47

1.12

(0.79–1.59)

0.99

(0.58–1.66)

0.96

Parental educational level

 Low/middle

1

1

 

1

1

 

1

1

 

 High

0.97

(0.78–1.21)

0.95

(0.72–1.25)

0.70

0.93

(0.58–1.48)

1.21

(0.69–2.13)

0.51

0.96

(0.63–1.46)

1.59

(1.00–2.51)

0.048

Parental family status

 Married/ living together

1

1

 

1

1

 

1

1

 

 Other

1.32

(1.06–1.65)

1.26

(0.96–1.66)

0.10

1.43

(0.95–2.18)

1

(0.61–1.64)

0.99

1.54

(1.09–2.16)

1.25

(0.86–1.83)

0.25

Age at first Internet use

1.00

(0.96–1.05)

0.97

(0.91–1.03)

0.32

0.97

(0.89–1.05)

0.93

(0.83–1.05)

0.25

0.97

(0.91–1.04)

0.98

(0.90–1.07)

0.61

Daily use of SNS

 None/<  2 h

1

1

 

1

1

 

1

1

 

  ≥ 2 h

1.70

(1.38–2.08)

1.66

(1.18–2.34)

0.004

1.63

(1.19–2.24)

1.15

(0.68–1.95)

0.61

2.38

(1.77–3.21)

1.37

(0.89–2.13)

0.16

Daily Internet use

 None/<  2 h

1

1

 

1

1

 

1

1

 

  ≥ 2 h

1.46

(1.16–1.83)

0.91

(0.64–1.29)

0.60

1.62

(1.14–2.30)

1.23

(0.71–2.12)

0.46

2.18

(1.56–3.06)

1.46

(0.91–2.34)

0.11

Parents allow me to visit every site

 Never/ seldom

1

1

 

1

1

 

1

1

 

 Sometimes

0.60

(0.38–0.95)

0.52

(0.26–1.04)

0.06

1.22

(0.46–3.25)

0.79

(0.20–3.10)

0.73

1.18

(0.68–2.04)

1.25

(0.61–2.56)

0.55

 Often/ yery often/parents don’t know

0.72

(0.49–1.06)

0.61

(0.36–1.04)

0.07

1.15

(0.59–2.24)

1.05

(0.38–2.84)

0.93

1.09

(0.74–1.61)

0.76

(0.42–1.37)

0.36

Parents limit time on Internet

 Never/ seldom

1

1

 

1

1

 

1

1

 

 Sometimes

1.03

(0.78–1.37)

1.21

(0.88–1.66)

0.24

1.06

(0.70–1.59)

0.80

(0.42–1.5)

0.48

1.06

(0.72–1.57)

1.28

(0.86–1.92)

0.23

 Often/ Very often

1.39

(1.06–1.82)

1.37

(0.96–1.96)

0.08

1.88

(1.14–3.09)

1.66

(0.86–3.21)

0.13

1.15

(0.77–1.70)

1.13

(0.69–1.85)

0.64

Internalizing Problems

-c

-c

 

1.07

(1.05–1.10)

1.04

(1.01–1.07)

0.004

1.08

(1.07–1.10)

1.05

(1.02–1.07)

< 0.001

Externalizing Problems

-c

-c

 

1.05

(1.03–1.07)

1.03

(1–1.06)

0.028

1.10

(1.08–1.12)

1.07

(1.05–1.10)

< 0.001

  1. aOdds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) adjusted for all other variables listed
  2. bindicates reference category
  3. cThe YSR was not administered in Germany