Table 3 Cyberbullying in relation to sociodemographic and other factors in Greece, Spain, Romania and Poland separately: crude odds ratio (OR) and adjusted OR from multiple logistic regression analyses, with 95% confidence intervals

 Females

1^b

1^b

1^b

1^b

1^b

1^b

1^b

1^b

 Males

0.80

(0.64–0.99)

0.79^a

(0.62-1.03)

0.08

0.65

(0.46–0.90)

0.79

(0.57–1.11)

0.18

0.85

(0.67–1.06)

1.06

(0.73–1.53)

0.77

0.79

(0.63–0.98)

1.09

(0.79–1.49)

0.61

 14–15.9

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

 16–17.9

1.08

(0.86–1.35)

1.08

(0.84–1.4)

0.55

1.20

(0.91–1.58)

1.26

(0.91–1.74)

0.16

0.74

(0.57–0.96)

0.52

(0.35–0.75)

0.001

1.11

(0.87–1.43)

1.05

(0.75–1.46)

0.78

 Low/Middle

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

 High

0.81

(0.67–0.99)

0.94

(0.74–1.2)

0.64

0.94

(0.68–1.31)

1.15

(0.83–1.6)

0.39

1.00

(0.79–1.26)

1.14

(0.80–1.62)

0.47

1.20

(0.93–1.55)

1.10

(0.82–1.49)

0.52

 Married/ living together

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

 Other

1.62

(1.27–2.07)

1.36

(0.98–1.87)

0.063

1.48

(1.06–2.08)

1.33

(0.9–1.97)

0.16

1.25

(0.97–1.59)

1.06

(0.67–1.70)

0.80

1.13

(0.86–1.49)

1.00

(0.68–1.47)

0.99

Age at first Internet use

0.97

(0.92–1.01)

0.99

(0.93–1.05)

0.77

0.99

(0.92–1.06)

0.99

(0.92–1.07)

0.79

0.96

(0.92–1.00)

1.07

(0.99–1.17)

0.08

0.97

(0.91–1.02)

1.04

(0.96–1.12)

0.39

 No use/<  2 h

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

  ≥ 2 h

2.33

(1.87–2.89)

1.34

(0.94–1.91)

0.10

1.81

(1.35–2.43)

0.96

(0.60–1.52)

0.86

2.16

(1.71–2.73)

1.83

(1.21–2.76)

0.004

1.67

(1.32–2.12)

1.53

(1.05–2.24)

0.028

 No use/<  2 h

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

  ≥ 2 h

1.94

(1.55–2.43)

1.34

(0.95–1.90)

0.10

1.79

(1.36–2.34)

1.34

(0.85–2.10)

0.21

1.84

(1.45–2.33)

1.57

(1.02–2.42)

0.041

1.31

(1.06–1.62)

0.98

(0.69–1.41)

0.93

 Never/ seldom

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

 Sometimes

0.97

(0.67–1.41)

1.16

(0.75–1.77)

0.51

0.66

(0.38–1.16)

0.89

(0.45–1.76)

0.75

1.49

(0.88–2.51)

1.28

(0.73–2.22)

0.39

0.89

(0.50–1.58)

0.85

(0.37–1.96)

0.71

 Often/ very often/ parents don’t know

1.11

(0.84–1.45)

1.08

(0.74–1.56)

0.70

0.95

(0.61–1.50)

1.05

(0.62–1.76)

0.87

1.68

(1.07–2.63)

1.29

(0.75–2.21)

0.36

1.50

(0.94–2.38)

1.27

(0.69–2.33)

0.44

 Never/ seldom

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

 Sometimes

1.14

(0.97–1.51)

1.17

(0.87–1.58)

0.31

0.98

(0.67–1.43)

1.13

(0.75–1.70)

0.56

1.14

(0.90–1.45)

1.11

(0.74–1.64)

0.62

1.24

(0.94–1.66)

1.49

(1.06–2.10)

0.022

 Often/ very often

1.15

(0.90–1.47)

1.2

(0.91–1.59)

0.19

1.10

(0.80–1.51)

1.18

(0.81–1.73)

0.39

1.49

(1.13–1.96)

1.32

(0.81–2.16)

0.27

1.49

(1.09–2.02)

1.63

(1.08–2.47)

0.021

Internalizing Problems

1.06

(1.05–1.07)

1.04

(1.02–1.05)

< 0.001

1.08

(1.06–1.10)

1.06

(1.04–1.08)

<

0.001

1.07

(1.05–1.09)

1.05

(1.02–1.08)

0.004

1.05

(1.04–1.07)

1.03

(1.01–1.05)

0.005

Externalizing Problems

1.06

(1.04–1.07)

1.04

(1.02–1.05)

< 0.001

1.06

(1.04–1.09)

1.04

(1.02–1.06)

<

0.001

1.06

(1.04–1.07)

1.02

(1.00–1.05)

0.06

1.07

(1.05–1.08)

1.05

(1.02–1.07)

< 0.001