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Table 3 Characteristics of quantitative studies included (N = 42)

From: Medication adherence in pregnant women with human immunodeficiency virus receiving antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review

S/N

Author: Year

Country: Setting

Study Design

Participants/overall sample size

Type of PMTCT intervention implemented

QAR of studies

1

Meda, et al. 2002 [64]

Cote’d Ivoire and Burkina Faso Urban in both countries.

Randomised clinical trial

HIV+ pregnant women enrolled in an open label cohort at 36–38 weeks gestation to receiving an oral course of zidovudine. (404)

ZDV

**

2

*Kiarie, et al. 2003 [30]

Kenya: Urban

Randomised clinical trial

HIV+ pregnant women enrolled in a clinical trial in a tertiary HF. (124)

ZDV,SdNVP

****

3

Stringer, et al. 2003 [37]

Zambia: Urban

Clustered-randomised clinical trial

HIV+ pregnant women attending two HF in the trial. (201)

SdNVP

**

4

Farquhar, et al. 2004 [54]

Kenya: Urban

Prospective cohort study

Pregnant women attending one clinic; male partners.(1991)

SdNVP

****

5

Banda, et al. 2007 [47]

Zambia: Urban

Clinical trial: sub-analysis

HIV + pregnant women enrolled in a clinical trial of perinatal HIV prevention strategies at two district delivery centres.(78)

SdNVP

*

6

Coffie,et al. 2008 [69]

Ivory Cost: Urban

Prospective cohort study

HIV + women pregnant registered in a PMTCT plus programme. (247)

cART (ZDV + 3TC + NVP) (94.7%): (D4T + 3TC + NVP) (2.8%): (ZDV + 3TC + EFV (2.1%): (D4T + 3TC + EFV) (0.4%).

***

7

Msuya, et al. 2008 [53]

Tanzania: Urban

Prospective cohort study

HIV+ pregnant women attending ANC at two public clinics for PMTCT services; with/without male partner support. (184)

SdNVP

****

8

Peltzer, et al. 2008 [52]

South Africa: Unclear

Cross sectional study

HIV+ pregnant women in a PMTCT cohort from five clinics (66).

SdNVP

****

9

Delvaux, et al. 2009 [29]

Rwanda: Urban and rural

Case-control study

HIV + pregnant women who did not adhere (cases) and adhered (control) to PMTCT prophylaxis at 12 PMTCT sites. (236)

SdNVP

****

10

Megazzini, et al. 2009 [58]

Zambia: Urban

Clustered randomised clinical trial: sub-analysis

Pregnant women in the trial intervention arm who had HCT in the labour ward.(23)

SdNVP

*

11

*Bancheno, et al. 2010 [28]

Swaziland:

Rural

Retrospective cohort study

HIV + pregnant women registered for PMTCT services in a rural HF. (99)

SdNVP

*

12

Barigye, et al. 2010 [57]

Uganda: Rural

Prospective cohort study

HIV + pregnant women registered for PMTCT services at four clinics located in study and non-study villages. (83)

SdNVP

****

13

Igwegbe, et al. 2010 [34]

Nigeria: Urban

Cross sectional study

HIV+ pregnant women attending PMTCT clinic in a tertiary HF.(368)

cART (specific ARV drugs combination NR).

***

14

Kuonza, et al. 2010 [36]

Zimbabwe: Urban

Cross sectional study

HIV + pregnant women and their infants registered in PMTCT programme in four HF. (212)

SdNVP

***

15

Megazzini, et al. 2010 [65]

Zambia: Urban

Clustered randomised clinical trial:

HIV + pregnant women receiving PMTCT services in 12 public delivery centres. (498)

SdNVP

*

16

Peltzer, et al. 2010 [27]

South Africa: Rural

Cross sectional study

HIV + pregnant women and their infants at 47 HFs. (815)

SdNVP

***

17

Shapiro, et al. 2010 [66]

Botswana: Urban and rural

Randomised control trial

HIV + pregnant women enrolled into the trial at four HFs.(730)

cART (ABC + AZT + 3TC): Lopinarvir-ritonavir+AZT + 3TC): (NVP + AZT + 3TC).

**

18

El-Khatib,et al. 2011 [35]

South Africa: Urban

Prospective cohort study

HIV + women pregnant registered in an ART programme in a single HF. (147)

cART (D4T + 3TC + NVor EFV).

***

19

Kinuthia, et al. 2011 [26]

Kenya: Urban

Cross sectional study

Sub set of HIV+ women and their infants attending six MCH clinics.(318)

Short course AZT regimen, sdNVP.

****

20

Kirsten, et al. 2011 [25]

Tanzania: Rural

Prospective cohort study

HIV + women pregnant registered in a single HF offering PMTCT services.

(150)

AZT and cART (AZT + 3TC).

****

21

*Mepham, et al. 2011 [38].

South Africa: Rural

Randomised control trial

HIV + pregnant women receiving PMTCT services in a HF. (94)

cART(specific ARV drugs combination NR).

*

22

Mirkuzie, et al. 2011 [24]

Ethiopia: Urban

Prospective cohort study

HIV + pregnant women attending 15 HF and their infants.(282)

cART and ZDV prophylaxis.

***

23

Parisotto, et al. 2011 [33]

Burkina Faso: Urban

Retrospective cohort study

HIV + pregnant women and their children at one HF.(229)

Short course ARV prophylaxis: Actual ARV drug(s) NR.

****

24

Peltzer, et al. 2011 [50]

South Africa: Rural

Cross sectional study

HIV + pregnant and postnatal women and their infants recruited from 48 HFs.(746)

AZT

****

25

Ekama, et al. 2012 [31]

Nigeria: Urban

Cross sectional study

HIV+ pregnant women registered for PMTCT services at ART treatment centre.(170)

cART (specific ARV drugs combination NR).

**

26

Okonji, et al.2012 [67]

Kenya: Urban

Clinical trial: sub-analysis

HIV + women pregnant enrolled into the trial at a single HF rendering combination ART for PMTCT.(434)

cART (NVP + 3TC + ZDV, NFV + 3TC + ZDV).

**

27

Bisio, et al. 2013 [75]

Republic of Congo: Urban and rural.

Prospective uncontrolled interventional study

HIV + women pregnant attending four Antenatal clinics.(415)

cART(AZT + 3TC + NVP, D4T + 3TC + NVP)

***

28

Denoeud-Ndam, et al. 2013 [70]

Benin: Urban

Prospective cohort study

HIV + women pregnant at 5 hospitals attending ANC. (217)

cART (EFV/NVP/PI).

***

29

Buseri, et al. 2014 [23]

Nigeria: Urban and rural.

Cross sectional study

HIV + pregnant women receiving PMTCT services at ANC in four hospitals. (312)

cART (AZT or D4T + 3TC + NVPor EFV).

**

30

Kamuyango et al. 2014 [77]

Malawi: Urban and rural

Retrospective cohort study

HIV + women in ART sites who received ARV intervention for PMTCT.(292)

cART (D4T + 3TC + NVP: TDF + 3TC + EFV).

****

31

*Murithi, et al. 2015 [41]

Kenya: Urban

Cross sectional study

HIV + women pregnant receiving care in a PMTCT clinic.(55)

cART(specific ARV drugs combination NR).

**

32

Ebuy, et al. 2015 [48]

Ethiopia: Urban and rural

Cross sectional study

HIV + women pregnant registered for PMTCT in six hospitals.

(263)

cART (EFV + 3TC + TDF).

****

33

Itoua,et al. 2015 [46]

Republic of Congo: Urban

Cross analytical and transversal study

HIV + women pregnant and lactating enrolled in three treatment centres. (80)

cART (specific ARV drugs combination NR).

**

34

Ngoma, et al. 2015 [71]

Zambia: Urban

Prospective cohort study

HIV + pregnant women with the ability to initiate combination ART AT 14–30 weeks at a public HF. (226)

cART (AZT + 3TC + Lopinavir/ ritonavir).

***

35

Okawa, et al.2015 [22]

Zambia: Rural

Prospective cohort study

HIV + pregnant women registered in PMTCT service at eleven HFs. (481)

AZT, sdNVP, and cART (specific ARV drugs NR).

***

36

*Granato, et al. 2016 [78]

Cote d’ Ivoire: Urban and Rural.

Cross sectional study

HIV positive pregnant women enrolled in PMTCT services attending 29 HFs. (219)

cART (specific ARV drugs combination NR).

****

37

Haas, et al. 2016 [32]

Malawi: Urban and rural.

Retrospective cohort study

HIV + women pregnant and postpartum women who commenced ART regimen at 13 HFs. (4248)

cART(EFV + 3TC + TDF

****

38

Hampanda 2016 [21]

Zambia: Urban

Cross sectional study

HIV + postpartum women and their infants at a large HF attending child immunization.(402)

SdNVP and cART (specific ARV drugs combination NR).

****

39

Matthews, et al. 2016 [76]

Uganda: Rural

Prospective cohort study

HIV + pregnant women; a subset of more than 7000 HIV infected adults initiating their ART in a tertiary HF.(396)

cART (specific ARV drugs combination NR).

****

40

*Napua, et al. 2016 [40]

Mozambique: Urban

Clustered(facility level) randomised controlled trial

HIV + women pregnant registered in 6 high volume HFs providing PMTCT and ART services. (141)

cART (specific ARV drugs combination NR).

*

41

Schnack, et al. 2016 [10]

Uganda: Urban.

Observational longitudinal study.

HIV + pregnant women attending ANC in two hospitals with PMTCT programme. (76)

cART (specific ARV drugs combination NR).

**

42

Yotebieng, et al. 2016 [20]

DRC Congo: Urban.

Randomised clinical trial

Newly diagnosed HIV + pregnant women registering for ANC at 89 HFs. (300)

AZT, and cART (specific ARV drugs combination NR).

*

  1. *Quantitative aspect of a mixed method study: S/N also indicate study number, the sequential order of articles; differs from the bibliographic reference number: QRA Quality rating of studies, cART Combination antiretroviral therapy(triple drug combination), NR Not reported, HF Health facility, sdNVP Single dose nevirapine, PMTCT Prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV, MCH Maternal and child health, PLA Participatory learning and action, HCWs Health care workers, DRC Democratic republic of Congo, ANC Antenatal clinic: AZTor ZDV Zidovudine, TDF Tenofovir, NFV Nelfinavir, 3TC Lamivudine, D4T Stavudine, EFV Efavirenz, ABC Abacavir, ART Antiretroviral therapy: Quality assessment rating of studies: using the mixed methods appraisal tool an overall quality score of (*) in one of the four methodological assessment area represent 25%; (****) = all four criteria met