Table 3 Demography and baseline characteristics of the study participants
| Â | e-intervention | control | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 66 | n = 62 | N (%) | ||
Demographic characteristics | ||||
Age | Â | 49.6 (10.7) | 51.5 (10.3) | 50.5 (10.5) |
Gender | % male | 62.1 | 75.8 | 60.2 |
Ethnic group | % Malay | 69.7 | 75.8 | 72.6 |
Education | % tertiary | 62.1 | 54.8 | 61.7 |
Occupation | % employed | 68.2 | 54.8 | 61.7 |
Personal income (MYR) | Â | 4837 (2571) | 4813 (4672) | 5166 (3816) |
Medical condition | ||||
Diabetes duration (months) | 111.1 (106.3) | 81.8 (69.9) | 96.9 (91.3) | |
Family history of diabetes | % yes | 84.8 | 82.3 | 83.6 |
Diabetes medication | OHA | 48.5 | 50.0 | 49.3 |
Insulin only | 10.6 | 3.2 | 7.0 | |
OHA + insulin | 37.9 | 35.5 | 36.7 | |
Unknown | 3.0 | 11.3 | 7.0 | |
Self-monitor blood glucose | Daily | 9.1 | 14.5 | 11.7 |
4–6 times/week | 13.6 | 1.6 | 1.7 | |
1–3 times/week | 71.2 | 53.2 | 62.5 | |
Less than once a week | 3.0 | 6.5 | 4.7 | |
No | 15.2 | 24.2 | 19.5 | |
Self-reported clinical history | Hypoglycaemia | 7.6 | 3.2 | 5.5 |
Heart disease | 6.1 | 14.5 | 10.2 | |
Kidney disease | 1.5 | 0.0 | 0.8 | |
Nerve disorder | 3.0 | 8.1 | 5.5 | |
Hypertension | 54.5 | 48.4 | 53.1 | |
Dyslipidaemia | 48.5 | 43.5 | 46.1 | |
Lifestyle | ||||
Total MET/weeka,b | Â | 879.0 (269.5) | 620.3 (335.7) | 733.0 (213.2) |
Physical activity level | Low | 37.9 | 50.0 | 43.8 |
Moderate | 39.4 | 30.6 | 35.2 | |
High | 22.7 | 19.4 | 21.0 | |
Smoking | % yes | 13.6 | 17.7 | 15.6 |
Alcohol drinking | % yes | 10.6 | 4.8 | 7.8 |
Diet | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Total DKAB score | Â | 34.2 (5.2) | 33.7 (5.5) | 33.9 (5.4) |
Total DSOC score | Â | 193.3 (14.6) | 191.2 (16.2) | 192.3 (15.4) |
Glucose control | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 8.9 (3.9) | 8.3 (2.9) | 8.6 (3.5) | |
HbA1c (%) | Â | 9.1 (2.0) | 8.9 (1.9) | 9.0 (2.0) |