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Table 2 Coinfection cases of Dengue and Chikungunya

From: Global prevalence and distribution of coinfection of malaria, dengue and chikungunya: a systematic review

S.No.

Citations

Place

Year

Study design

N

Positive for coinfection

Coinfection (%)

Age

Diagnostic test DN/CK

Remarks

South Asia

1.

Afreen [72]

Delhi,

India

2014

Cross sectional

87

9

10

All ages

NS1, IgM, IgG ELISA, PCR/ IgM ELISA, PCR

DENV2 + CHIKV-5, DENV3 + CHIKV -2, DENV1 + CHIKV-1, DENV1 + DENV2+ CHIKV-1

2.

Carey [73]

Vellore,

India

1964

Cross sectional

477

8

2

All ages

Virus isolation

Serological

Complement fixation and Hemagglutination inhibition assay for both infection

NM

3.

Chahar [74]

Delhi,

India

2006

Cross sectional

69

6

9

All ages

PCR/PCR

DENV1, DENV3, DENV4

4.

Galate [75]

Mumbai,  Maharashtra

April 2012-Oct. 2013

Cross sectional

200

19

10

13–60

IgM ELISA/IgM ELISA

NM

5.

Hapuarachchi [76]

Sri Lanka

2006

Case report

1

1

NA

70

PCR/PCR

NM

6.

Kalawat [77]

Tirupati,

India

2011

Retrospective analysis

72

2

3

All ages

IgM ELISA / IgM ELISA

NM

7.

Kaur [78]

Delhi,

India

Aug-Dec. 2016

Cross sectional

600

152

25

11–68

IgM ELISA, NS1 ELISA, PCR/IgM ELISA, PCR

NM

8.

Londhey [79]

Mumbai,

India

June 2010–April 2015

Prospective observational study

300

30

10

All ages

IgM ELISA, PCR/ IgM ELISA, PCR

NM

9.

Mørch [34]

Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Anantpur, Tamilnadu

India

April 2011–November 2012

Cross sectional

1564

25

1.6

34 mean age

IgM, NS1 ELISA/IgM ELISA

NM

10.

Mukherjee [80]

Kolkata,

India

July 2014-Oct. 2015

Cross sectional

326

53

16

All ages

IgM and NS1 ELISA, PCR/IgM ELISA, PCR

DENV2, DENV4

11.

Neeraja [81]

Hyderabad, Telangana

2007

Cross sectional

713

8

1

NM

IgG, IgM, PCR/PCR

NM

12.

Paulo [82]

Potugal,

Infected in India

2016

Case report

1

1

NA

65

PCR/IgM ELISA

DENV3

13.

Rahim [83]

Dhaka, Bangladesh

2017

Case report

1

1

NA

23 female

NS1 ELISA/IgM ELISA

NM

14.

Saswat [84]

Khurda, Odisha

Aurangabad,

Maharashtra India

July-Dec. 2013

Cross sectional

222

43

19

All ages

NS1, IgM, IgG ELISA, PCR/IgM ELISA, PCR

DENV2

15.

Shaikh [85]

Karnataka,

India

July 2010–June 2013

Cross sectional

6554

532

8

NM

IgM ELISA/IgM ELISA

NM

16.

Schilling [86]

Chennai,

India

September 2008

Case report

1

1

NA

25

NS1, IgM ELISA and IFA/IgM IFA

NM

17.

Taraphdar [87]

West Bengal, India

2010

Cross sectional

550

68

12

All ages

IgM ELISA, PCR / IgM ELISA, PCR

DENV2, DENV3

18.

Kularatne [88]

Peradeniya, Srilanka

Dec. 2006-March 2007

Cross sectional

54

3

5

15–74

IgM ELISA, Hemagglutination inhibition/ IgM ELISA, Hemagglutination inhibition

NM

Africa

19.

Baba [47]

Nigeria

July-Dec. 2008

Cross sectional

310

63

20

All ages

PRNT/PRNT

NM

20.

Caron [89]

Gabon

Sep 2007-Aug 2010

Cross sectional

4287

37

1

All ages

PCR of partial E gene/ PCR of partial E1 gene

DENV2

21.

Dariano [50]

Bo, Sierra Leone

2012–2013

Cross sectional

1260

13

1

All ages

IgM, IgG, NS1 ELISA/IgM ELISA

NM

22.

Leroy [90]

Gabon

March–July 2007

Cross sectional

773

8

1

NM

PCR/ PCR

DENV2

23.

Nkoghe [91]

Franceville, Gabon

Feb-July 2010

Cross sectional

433

20

4.6

1–77

PCR/PCR

NM

24.

Parreira [92]

Portugal, infected in Luanda, Angola

January 2014

Case report

1

1

NA

Early 50s

NS1 IgM, IgG ELISA, PCR/IgM ELISA, PCR

DENV4

25.

Ratsitorahina [93]

Tomasina,

Madagascar

Jan-March 2006

Cross sectional

55

10

18

NM

IgM ELISA, PCR/IgM ELISA, PCR

DENV1

Caribbean

26.

Edwards [94]

Guatemala

June 2015

Surveillance report

144

46

32

All ages

PCR/ PCR

DENV1–4, DENV2–40, DENV4–2

27.

Omarjee [95]

Island of Saint Martin

Dec. 2013-

Jan 2014

Cross sectional

1502

16

1

All ages

IgM, IgG ELISA and PCR / IgM, IgG ELISA and PCR

DENV1–10, DENV2–2, DENV4–4

Southeast Asia

28.

Cha [96]

Osong korea Infected (2 in Philllipine, 1 Vietnam, 1 Indonesia, 1 East Timor)

2009–2010

Cross sectional

486

5

1

11–70

IgM ELISA, PCR/ IgM ELISA, PCR

NM

29.

Chang [97]

Taipei China, infected in Singapore

2009 April

Case report

1

1

NA

12

IgM and IgG ELISA, PCR/ IgM and IgG ELISA, PCR

DENV2

30.

Khai Ming [98]

Rangoon, Burma

July 1970-Dec. 1972

Cross sectional

2060

55

2.6

0–11

HI, CF/HI, CF

NM

31.

Laoprasopwattana [99]

Southern Thailand

April–July 2009

Prospective Cohort study

50

1

2

≤15

IgM ELISA and Hemagglutination inhibition/IgM IFA, PCR

NM

32.

Nayar [100]

Kinta,

Malaysia

2006

Case report

2

2

NA

22 and 28

NS1, IgM ELISA, PCR/PCR

DENV1

33.

Ooi [101]

Selangor, Malaysia,

2009

Case report

1

1

NA

NM

NM/Complete Genome sequencing of CHIKV

DENV2

34.

Phommanivong [102]

Champasak Laos

July-Aug 2013

Cross sectional

40

5

12.5

5–65

PCR/PCR

DENV2–3,

DENV3–2

35.

Tun [103]

Mandalay,

Myanmar

July–October 2010

Cross sectional

116

7

6

≤12

IgM ELISA, PCR/IgM ELISA, PCR

NM

North America

36.

Kariyawasam [104]

Toronto, Canada

May 2006-April 2007 and Feb 2013-March 2014

Retrospective analysis

1304

1

0.07

0–91

PCR/PCR

DENV-1

37.

Lindholm [105]

Maryland,

USA

Dec 2013-May 2015

Cross sectional

267

2

0.7

25–60

IgM, IgG ELISA, PCR, PRNT/ IgM, IgG ELISA, PCR, PRNT

NM

South America

38.

Bocanegra [106]

Barcelona Spain Infected in south America

April 2014–2015

Retrospective

42

5

12

34.6 mean age

IgM ELISA/IgM ELISA, PCR

NM

39.

Brooks [107]

Santos,

Brazil

2017

Case report

1

1

NA

27

IgM ELISA/IgM ELISA

NM

40.

Calvo [108]

Girardot,

Colombia

Feb 2015

Cross sectional

8

4

50

0–10

IgM ELISA, PCR/PCR

NM

41.

Carrillo-Hernández [109]

Norte de Santander, Colombia

August 2015 – April 2016

Cross sectional

157

12

7.6

26.81

PCR/PCR

NM

42.

Farrell [110]

Machala, Ecuador

2015

Case report

1

1

NA

35

IgM, IgG ELISA/PCR

NM

43.

Gomez-Govea [111]

Nuevo leon,

Mexico

Jan-Oct 2015

Cross sectional

101

5

5

31 median age

IgM ELISA/IgM ELISA, PCR

NM

44.

Mercado [112]

Bogota, Colombia

Sept 2014-Oct 2015

Retrospective analysis

58

7

12

NM

IgM ELISA, PCR/PCR

NM

45.

Rosso [113]

Cali,

Colombia

2015

Case report

1

1

NA

72

PCR/ PCR

DENV3

Middle East

46.

Malik [114]

Al-Hudaydah, Yemen

Oct 2010-March 2011

Cross sectional

136

1

0.7

NM

IgM ELISA, PCR/IgM ELISA

NM

47.

Rezza [115]

Al-Hudaydah

Yemen

2012

Cross sectional

400

14

3.5

All ages

IgM, IgG ELISA and PCR/ IgM, IgG ELISA and PCR

DENV2 Predominantly

  1. N – sample size, DN/CK – Dengue/Chikungunya coinfection, ELISA – Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, NS1 - Dengue non-structural protein −1, PCR – Polymerase Chain reaction, IFA – immunofluorescence assay, PRNT – Plaque reduction neutralisation test, NM – not mentioned, NA – not applicable