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Table 4 Characteristics of health behaviors by tribe

From: Prevalence and factors associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension among the hill tribe elderly populations in northern Thailand

Health behaviors

Tribe

χ2

p-value

Total

Akha

Lahu

Hmong

Yao

Karen

Lisu

n

%

n

%

n

%

n

%

n

%

n

%

n

%

Smoking

 No

486

61.3

94

19.3

70

14.4

106

21.8

72

14.8

48

9.9

96

19.8

79.02

< 0.001*

 Ever in the past

151

19.0

12

7.9

33

21.9

11

7.3

29

19.2

50

33.1

16

10.6

  

 Yes

156

19.7

24

15.4

30

19.2

23

14.7

29

18.6

32

20.5

18

11.5

  

Alcohol use

 No

538

67.8

99

18.4

92

17.1

109

20.3

88

16.4

77

14.3

73

13.6

43.93

< 0.001*

 Ever

139

17.5

13

9.4

29

20.9

14

10.1

17

12.2

25

18.0

41

29.5

  

 Yes

116

14.6

18

15.5

12

10.3

17

14.7

25

21.6

28

24.1

16

13.8

  

Methamphetamine use

 No

776

97.9

124

16.0

132

17.0

137

17.7

126

16.4

128

16.5

129

16.6

12.15

0.275

 Ever in the past

2

0.3

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

1

50.0

1

50.0

0.0

0.0

  

 Yes

15

1.9

6

40.0

1

6.7

3

20.0

3

20.0

1

6.7

1

6.7

  

Opium use

 No

723

91.2

112

15.5

125

17.3

124

17.2

115

15.9

123

17.0

124

17.2

15.77

0.106

 Ever in the past

54

6.8

12

22.2

6

11.1

12

22.2

12

22.2

7

13.0

5

9.3

  

 Yes

16

2.0

6

37.5

2

12.5

4

25.0

3

18.8

0

0.0

1

6.3

  

Eating uncooked food

 No

385

48.5

79

20.5

74

19.2

68

17.7

69

17.9

43

11.2

52

13.5

29.65

< 0.001*

 Ever in the past

52

6.6

5

9.6

6

11.5

9

17.3

8

15.4

11

21.2

13

25.0

  

 Yes

356

44.9

46

12.9

53

14.9

63

17.7

53

14.9

76

21.3

65

18.3

  

Chewing

 No

604

76.2

70

11.6

108

17.9

135

22.4

128

21.2

100

16.6

63

10.4

159.80

< 0.001*

 Yes

189

23.8

60

31.7

25

13.2

5

2.6

2

1.1

30

15.9

67

35.4

  

Regular exercise

 No

80

10.1

22

27.5

7

8.8

15

18.8

7

8.8

22

27.5

7

8.8

37.50

< 0.001*

 Yes

433

54.6

68

15.7

88

20.3

75

17.3

66

15.2

54

12.5

82

18.9

  

 Highly active physical work

280

35.3

40

14.3

38

13.6

50

17.9

57

20.4

54

19.3

41

14.6

  
  1. *Significance level at α=0.05