Table 3 Results of multiple logistic regression models showing significant associations between parent and child characteristics for each parent feeding practice
| Variables | Risk Category | Negative/Non-nutritive feeding practices | Positive feeding practices | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Restriction for Weight Control (RWC) (n = 399) |
Restriction for Health (RH) (n = 402) |
Pressure (P) (n = 395) |
Emotion Regulation/Food as Reward (ER/FR) (n = 402) |
Healthy Eating Guidance (HEG) (n = 396) |
Monitoring (M) (n = 401) | ||
| OR (CI 95%) | |||||||
| Parent characteristics | |||||||
| Mother education | <college complete | 2.42 (1.07–5.48) | 2.79 (1.25–6.22) | – | 2.22 (1.05–4.71) | – | – |
| Mother BMIa | – | – | – | 0.94 (0.88–1.00) | 1.09 (1.03–1.16) | – | |
| Perceived responsibility for child feeding |
Never/seldom/ half of the time | – | – | – | – | – | 1.68 (1.12–2.52) |
| Concern about child overweight |
Concerned/ fairly concerned/ very concerned | 2.46 (1.64–3.69) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Concern about child underweight |
Fairly concerned/ very concerned | – | – | 2.30 (1.53–3.47) | – | – | – |
| Child characteristics | |||||||
| Ultra-processed food intake | Frequent consumption | – | – | – | – | – | 1.94 (1.27–2.97) |
| Traditional food intake | Infrequent consumption | – | – | – | – | 1.53 (1.01–2.32) | – |
| Screen time (per day) | > 2 h | – | – | – | – | 1.59 (1.04–2.44) | 1.57 (1.03–2.39) |