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Table 3 Odds ratio of NHIS enrolment among older adults

From: Universal health coverage in the context of population ageing: What determines health insurance enrolment in rural Ghana?

 

Age: 50–69 (N = 4086)

Age: 70 plus (N = 1760)

Variable

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Odds ratio

95% CI

Odds ratio

95% CI

Odds ratio

95% CI

Odds ratio

95% CI

Odds ratio

95% CI

Odds ratio

95% CI

Hospital in community

 No

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Yes

4.27

**

1.50

12.10

2.92

*

1.04

8.17

2.98

*

1.07

8.32

2.60

 

0.71

9.59

2.45

 

0.68

8.84

2.18

 

2.18

7.86

Clinic in community

 No

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Yes

2.06

***

1.39

3.05

1.86

**

1.26

2.74

1.80

**

1.23

2.65

2.70

***

1.56

4.65

2.43

**

1.43

4.13

2.43

**

1.42

4.16

Motorable road passes through community

 No

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Yes

2.72

***

1.58

4.67

2.51

**

1.47

4.29

2.31

**

1.35

3.96

4.44

***

2.12

9.30

3.77

***

1.84

7.69

3.72

***

1.81

7.66

Region

 Upper West

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Western

0.24

**

0.11

0.54

0.10

***

0.04

0.23

0.05

***

0.02

0.15

0.14

**

0.05

0.43

0.06

***

0.02

0.22

0.02

***

0.00

0.08

 Central

0.08

***

0.03

0.18

0.04

***

0.02

0.10

0.02

***

0.01

0.06

0.19

**

0.06

0.58

0.07

***

0.02

0.25

0.02

***

0.00

0.08

 Greater Accra

0.15

*

0.03

0.73

0.06

**

0.01

0.31

0.03

***

0.01

0.19

0.50

 

0.07

3.54

0.19

 

0.03

1.35

0.12

 

0.01

1.10

 Volta

0.36

**

0.18

0.73

0.18

***

0.08

0.38

0.10

***

0.03

0.26

0.39

*

0.16

0.92

0.22

**

0.09

0.55

0.11

**

0.03

0.43

 Eastern

0.23

***

0.11

0.47

0.14

***

0.06

0.30

0.07

***

0.03

0.19

0.49

 

0.19

1.21

0.25

**

0.09

0.66

0.10

**

0.03

0.37

 Ashanti

0.54

 

0.25

1.15

0.26

**

0.12

0.58

0.15

***

0.06

0.41

0.61

 

0.22

1.69

0.28

*

0.10

0.83

0.08

***

0.02

0.32

 Brong Ahafo

0.60

 

0.28

1.30

0.34

**

0.16

0.76

0.23

**

0.10

0.56

1.50

 

0.52

4.28

0.91

 

0.32

2.60

0.42

 

0.12

1.38

 Northern

0.07

***

0.03

0.16

0.07

***

0.03

0.15

0.07

***

0.03

0.17

0.12

***

0.04

0.35

0.11

***

0.04

0.32

0.14

***

0.05

0.42

 Upper East

0.87

 

0.44

1.72

0.67

 

0.34

1.32

0.72

 

0.37

1.41

0.83

 

0.35

1.93

0.63

 

0.27

1.47

0.73

 

0.31

1.72

Expenditure

 Poorest

    

1.00

   

1.00

       

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Poor

    

1.56

*

1.05

2.32

1.50

*

1.00

2.24

    

1.70

 

0.98

2.93

1.72

 

0.98

3.00

 Middle

    

2.58

***

1.65

4.03

2.29

***

1.46

3.59

    

2.10

*

1.13

3.91

2.02

*

1.07

3.79

 Rich

    

3.53

***

2.19

5.70

3.04

***

1.88

4.93

    

3.06

**

1.57

5.98

2.60

**

1.33

5.08

 Richest

    

9.63

***

5.58

16.64

7.42

***

4.28

12.88

    

4.09

***

1.87

8.95

3.73

**

1.69

8.23

Employment status of head

 Employee public

    

1.00

   

1.00

       

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Employee private

    

0.11

***

0.04

0.27

0.16

***

0.06

0.42

    

0.35

 

0.06

1.98

0.27

 

0.04

1.60

 Self employed

    

1.30

 

0.17

9.89

1.33

 

0.17

10.49

    

1.57

 

0.09

26.77

0.77

 

0.04

14.29

 Other inactive

    

0.16

***

0.06

0.43

0.22

**

0.08

0.61

    

0.49

 

0.08

2.88

0.39

 

0.06

2.40

Internet access

 No

    

1.00

   

1.00

       

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Yes

    

0.73

 

0.45

1.20

0.72

 

0.44

1.20

    

1.69

 

0.87

3.27

1.47

 

0.74

2.93

Household size

 Log

    

1.45

***

1.18

1.78

1.42

**

1.14

1.77

    

0.79

 

0.60

1.05

0.79

 

0.59

1.07

Sex

 Male

        

1.00

           

1.00

   

 Female

        

2.04

***

1.58

2.64

        

1.86

**

1.18

2.94

Education

 None

        

1.00

           

1.00

   

 Primary

        

1.23

 

0.91

1.67

        

0.76

 

0.45

1.30

 Secondary and higher

        

3.10

**

1.58

6.10

        

3.33

 

0.48

23.28

Marital Status

 Married

        

1.00

           

1.00

   

 Never married/Separated/Divorced

        

0.61

*

0.39

0.96

        

0.25

**

0.11

0.57

 Widowed

        

0.89

 

0.62

1.28

        

0.48

**

0.28

0.81

Disability

 No

        

1.00

           

1.00

   

 Yes

        

0.89

 

0.49

1.60

        

0.47

*

0.26

0.86

Religion

 None

        

1.00

           

1.00

   

 Christian

        

1.97

**

1.22

3.18

        

2.17

*

1.09

4.31

 Muslim

        

1.47

 

0.86

2.52

        

1.38

 

0.67

2.83

Ethnicity

 Akan

        

1.00

           

1.00

   

 Ga-Dangme

        

0.97

 

0.44

2.12

        

0.24

*

0.07

0.83

 Ewe

        

1.00

 

0.50

2.02

        

0.56

 

0.18

1.70

 Guan

        

1.11

 

0.48

2.55

        

0.24

*

0.07

0.81

 Gurma

        

0.53

 

0.23

1.21

        

0.11

***

0.03

0.36

 Mole-Dagbani

        

0.47

*

0.23

0.92

        

0.15

**

0.05

0.46

 Other

        

0.76

 

0.34

1.68

        

0.27

*

0.08

0.88

Random effects

 Between household variance

4.64

 

3.17

6.78

3.96

 

2.64

5.94

4.02

 

2.68

6.03

3.77

 

1.69

8.40

3.50

 

1.52

8.05

3.52

 

1.52

8.15

 Between community variance

2.44

 

1.74

3.42

2.44

 

1.74

3.42

2.35

 

1.67

3.32

2.48

 

1.36

4.53

2.30

 

1.25

4.23

2.24

 

1.19

4.19

Variance partition coefficient

Household

0.45

0.41

0.42

0.40

0.39

0.39

Community

0.24

0.25

0.24

0.26

0.25

0.25

  1. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01 *p < 0.05