From: Are we doing enough to prevent poor-quality antimalarial medicines in the developing world?
Drug(s) | Issue | Number of PQM failed/tested (%) | Country | Study |
---|---|---|---|---|
Artemisinin-based drugs, halofantrine | Incorrect amount of API, API absent entirely, quinine substituted for artesunate | 35/59 (59%) | Burkina Faso, Chad, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal | Newton et al. 2011 [34] |
Artesunate | No artesunate present | 1 (case report) | Equatorial Guinea | Chaccour et al. 2012 [13] |
Artemisinin-based drugs, chloroquine, primaquine | Incorrect amount of API | 18/77 (23%) | Guyana | Evans et al. 2012 [35] |
Incorrect packaging | 30/77 (38%) | |||
Artesunate and amodiaquine | Incorrect amount of API | 13/16 (81%) | Ghana | Affum et al. 2013 [36] |
Artemisinin-based drugs | Incorrect amount of API | 13/14 (92%) | Ghana | El-Duah et al. 2012 [37] |
Artemisinin-based drugs, chloroquine, quinine, primaquine, amodiaquine | Incorrect amount of API | 36/301 (11%) | Papua New Guinea | Hetzel et al. 2014 [38] |
Artemisinin-based drugs | Incorrect amount of API | 94/124 (by HPLC) (75%) 112/125 (by SQ-TLC) (89%) | Ghana and Togo | Osei-Safo et al. 2014 [39] |
Artemisinin-based drugs | Incorrect amount of API | 69/1737 (4%) | Tanzania | ACT Consortium Drug Quality Project Team 2015 [40] |
Artemisinin-based drugs | Incorrect amount of API | 206/3024 (6%) | Nigeria | Kaur et al. 2015 [41] |
Falsified (0% API) | 35/3024 (1%) | |||
Degradation products of API present | 38/3024 (1%) | |||
Artemisinin-based drugs, chloroquine, quinine, sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine | Incorrect amount of API, incorrect labelling | 8/28 (28%) | Cambodia | Yong et al. 2015 [42] |
Incorrect amount of API | 1/7 (14%) | Indonesia | ||
Incorrect amount of API, counterfeit packaging | 15/30 (50%) | Laos | ||
Incorrect amount of API | 1/10 (10%) | Myanmar | ||
Incorrect amount of API | 4/8 (50%) | Thailand | ||
Incorrect amount of API | 1/12 (8%) | Vietnam | ||
Artemisinin-based drugs | Incorrect amount of API | 91/291 (31%) | Cambodia | Yeung et al. 2015 [43] |
Expired at time of purchase | 21/212 (9%) | |||
Range of antimalarial drugs | Incorrect amount of API | 9/146 (6%) | Laos | Tabernero et al. 2015 [44] |
Range of antimalarial drugs | Incorrect amount of API | 12/37 (32%) | Afghanistan | Lalani et al. 2015 [45] |
Artemisinin-based drugs | Expired at time of purchase | 23/256 (8%) | Ghana | Tivura et al. 2016 [46] |
Incorrect amount of API | 90/254 (35%) | |||
Quinine sulfate | Incorrect amount of API | 7/56a (12%) | Malawi | Khuluza et al. 2017 [47] |
Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (multiple different samples) | Both stated APIs absent but other APIs present; falsified identity; incorrect amount of API | |||
Artemisinin-based drugs | Incorrect amount of API | 11/30 (36%) | Nigeria | Izevbekhai et al. 2017 [48] |