Table 3 Results of the questionnaire outcome variables after 2 years’ follow-up. The primary and secondary variables in all study groups and the group comparisons between the intervention groups (Rehab, Physio, Advice) and Control group. Mean, standard deviation (SD), mean difference (MD), 95% confidence interval (95% CI), p-value of the group comparison
Outcomes / analysis | Rehab (43) | Physio (43) | Advice (40) | Control (50) | Rehab vs. Control | Physio vs. Control | Advice vs. Control | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mean | SD | mean | SD | mean | SD | mean | SD | MD | 95% CI | p | MD | 95% CI | p | MD | 95% CI | p | |
Primary outcomes | |||||||||||||||||
 Physical impairment | 4.7 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 4.4 | 5.9 | 4.8 | 7.4 | 4.4 | −3 | −5 to − 1 | 0.00 | −3 | −5 to − 1 | 0.00 | −2 | −3 to 0a | 0.07 |
 LBP intensity | 27 | 19 | 29 | 20 | 32 | 23 | 40 | 26 | −13 | −24 to − 1 | 0.03 | −13 | −29 to 2 | 0.08 | −10 | −27 to 8 | 0.24 |
 Quality of Life - QoL | 0.832 | 0.137 | 0.841 | 0.141 | 0.795 | 0.136 | 0.771 | 0.145 | 0.06 | 0.00 to 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.01 to 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.02 | −0.03 to 0.08 | 0.42 |
Secondary outcomes | |||||||||||||||||
 Pain related fear - FABQ | 33 | 15 | 35 | 13 | 40 | 16 | 41 | 13 | −8 | −14 to − 2 | 0.01 | −5 | −12 to 1 | 0.09 | −1 | −7 to 6 | 0.82 |
 Pain related fear - FABQw | 15 | 7 | 16 | 8 | 18 | 8 | 19 | 8 | −5 | −8 to − 1 | 0.01 | −4 | −7 to 0 | 0.03 | −1 | −5 to 2 | 0.49 |
 Pain related fear - FABQph | 11 | 5 | 12 | 5 | 13 | 6 | 13 | 4 | −2 | −4 to 0a | 0 06 | −1 | −3 to 2 | 0.57 | 0 | −2 to 3 | 0.76 |
 Disability - OSW sum | 8 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 12 | 8 | 14 | 8 | −6 | −10 to −2 | 0.00 | −5 | −9 to 0 | 0.03 | −2 | −6 to 2 | 0.60 |