Risk factors | Deaths | Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | 2015 | 1990 | 2015 | ||||||||
Proportion (%) of all deaths (95% UI) | Rank | Proportion (%) of all deaths (95% UI) | Rank | Change (%) (95% UI) | Proportion (%) of all DALYs (95% UI) | Rank | Proportion (%) of all DALYs (95% UI) | Rank | Change (%) (95% UI) | ||
Child and maternal undernutrition | Somalia | 11.8 (7.1–19.4) | 2 | 7.5 (4.7–12.6) | 1 | −36.6 (− 68.1 to 20.5) | 21.8 (14.2–30.1) | 2 | 15.5 (9.6–22.7) | 1 | −28.8 (−58.5 to 19.3) |
South Sudan | 13.7 (7.5–22.2) | 1 | 6.9 (3.9–11.3) | 2 | −49.3 (−75.0 to 2.7) | 23.6 (15.1–32.8) | 1 | 13.3 (7.7–19.2) | 2 | −43.4 (−66.6 to −5.8) | |
Eritrea | 9.9 (8.3–12.0) | 4 | 5.0 (3.6–7.2)* | 3 | −49.2 (−64.1 to −24) | 20.5 (17.5–24.4) | 3 | 10.9 (7.7–14.8)* | 3 | −46.9 (−62.7 to − 25.3) | |
Djibouti | 9.3 (7.0–12.2) | 5 | 4.9 (3.1–7.2) | 4 | −47.5 (−68.8 to −14.3) | 18.3 (14.6–22.4) | 5 | 10.6 (7.1–14.4)* | 4 | −42.1 (−62.6 to −14.7) | |
Madagascar | 10.2 (8.8–12.4) | 3 | 4.7 (3.3–6.6)* | 5 | −54.1 (−68 to −35) | 20.1 (17.5–23.9) | 4 | 10.4 (7.7–13.8)* | 5 | −48.2 (−62.6 to − 30.1) | |
Burundi | 5.8 (4.4–7.6) | 14 | 4.7 (3.2–6.9) | 6 | −19.3 (−49.6 to 25.3) | 11.2 (8.4–14.5) | 14 | 9.2 (6.5–13.0) | 6 | −17.9 (−46.7 to 25.1) | |
Malawi | 9.2 (6.9–11.8) | 6 | 4.4 (3.2–6.0)* | 7 | −52.3 (−67.6 to − 28.1) | 15.9 (12.0–20.3) | 8 | 8.4 (6.4–10.8)* | 7 | −47.5 (− 63.2 to − 23.9) | |
Rwanda | 6.9 (5.2–8.6) | 12 | 4.2 (2.9–5.9) | 8 | −39.2 (−59.2 to −8.9) | 13.5 (10.2–17.1) | 12 | 8.3 (6.2–11.1) | 8 | −38.6 (− 57.5 to − 10.7) | |
Ethiopia | 8.6 (6.8–11.0) | 8 | 3.6 (2.5–5.1)* | 9 | −58.5 (−72.4 to − 39.7) | 17.3 (13.8–22.3) | 6 | 7.4 (5.4–9.9)* | 12 | − 57.2 (− 71.3 to − 39.9) | |
Tanzania | 8.7 (7.1–10.6) | 7 | 3.5 (2.6–4.8)* | 10 | − 59.6 (−71.3to − 42.9) | 17.1 (14.2–20.2) | 7 | 7.6 (5.8–9.9)* | 9 | − 55.4 (−68 to − 40.3) | |
Kenya | 6.4 (5.7–7.3) | 13 | 3.5 (2.9–4.1)* | 11 | −45.8 (− 53.1 to − 37.9) | 13.5 (12.2–15) | 13 | 7.5 (6.6–8.6)* | 10 | −44.3 (− 50.5 to − 37.8) | |
Comoros | 7.9 (5.9–11.1) | 10 | 3.4 (2.4–4.8)* | 12 | −56.7 (− 72.4 to − 31.1) | 15.8 (12.2–20.4) | 9 | 7.5 (5.4–10.1)* | 11 | − 52.6 (− 67.9 to − 27.8) | |
Uganda | 4.8 (3.7–6.2) | 15 | 2.9 (2.1–4.2) | 13 | − 39.7 (− 60.3 to − 8.5) | 9.4 (7.3–11.6) | 15 | 6.1 (4.5–8.2) | 13 | −35.2 (− 56.0 to − 6.4) | |
Zambia | 8.0 (6.4–9.8) | 9 | 2.8 (2.1–3.6)* | 14 | − 65.4 (− 74.7 to − 52.8) | 14.8 (11.8–17.8) | 10 | 5.2 (4.0–6.7)* | 14 | −64.7 (− 74.2 to − 51.5) | |
Mozambique | 7.8 (6.1–10.1) | 11 | 2.0 (1.5–2.8)* | 15 | −74.0 (− 82.2 to −62.0) | 14.1 (11.2–17.9) | 11 | 4.5 (3.4–5.8)* | 15 | −68.1 (− 77.6 to −55.3) | |
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa | 8.1 (7.1–9.2) | 3.7 (3.2–4.3)* | −54.1 (−61.3 to − 45.6) | 15.8 (13.9–17.9) | 7.8 (6.9–8.9)* | −50.8 (− 58.3 to − 42.7) | |||||
Dietary risks | Madagascar | 14.2 (11.6–18.1) | 2 | 16.1 (12.6–20.7) | 1 | 13.2 (0.0 to 24.6) | 7.7 (6.3–9.5) | 1 | 9.7 (6.9–13.0) | 1 | 25.9 (− 3.4 to 56.5) |
Tanzania | 13.7 (11.0–16.6) | 3 | 15.9 (12.7–19.3) | 2 | 16.4 (2.3 to 31.6) | 6.6 (5.4–8.0) | 6 | 8.4 (6.1–11.0) | 3 | 27.1 (−4.1 to 65.6) | |
Djibouti | 14.4 (11.8–17.8) | 1 | 15.0 (12.2–18.5) | 3 | 4.0 (−10 to 22.2) | 7.5 (5.6–9.8) | 3 | 8.6 (6.0–11.6) | 2 | 13.8 (−21.6 to 67.8) | |
Ethiopia | 10.8 (8.8–13.3) | 7 | 14.5 (11.7–18.0) | 4 | 35.0 (14.1 to 53.9) | 6.1 (5.0–7.4) | 7 | 8.1 (6.1–10.5) | 4 | 33.6 (3.5 to 68.3) | |
Comoros | 13.5 (10.9–17.0) | 4 | 13.4 (10.6–17.3) | 5 | −0.7 (− 13.6 to 13.8) | 7.7 (5.7–10.2) | 2 | 7.9 (6.0–10.2) | 5 | 2.6 (− 23.7 to 37.6) | |
Eritrea | 11.4 (9.1–14.5) | 6 | 12.8 (10.3–16.2) | 6 | 12.5 (−0.3 to 25.3) | 6.6 (5.4–8.4) | 5 | 7.8 (5.6–10.2) | 6 | 17.5 (−13.6 to 45.2) | |
Zambia | 9.1 (7.2–11.5) | 11 | 12.7 (10.5–15.5) | 7 | 39.4 (19.3 to 62.8) | 4.5 (3.5–5.7) | 11 | 7.7 (5.9–9.7)* | 7 | 71.5 (31.4 to 117.5) | |
Burundi | 11.8 (9.1–15.4) | 5 | 11.5 (8.7–14.8) | 8 | −2.9 (− 23.6 to 16.9) | 7.4 (5.4–9.9) | 4 | 6.8 (4.9–9.1) | 8 | −7.9 (−33.9 to 27.1) | |
Mozambique | 8.9 (6.6–11.5) | 12 | 11.4 (8.6–14.7) | 9 | 28.5 (3.6 to 56.6) | 4.1 (3.1–5.3) | 12 | 6.3 (4.2–8.7) | 9 | 52.5 (6.0 to 103.2) | |
Somalia | 10.5 (7.2–13.8) | 8 | 10.6 (7.9–13.3) | 10 | 0.6 (−20.7 to 33.3) | 5.7 (2.9–8.5) | 8 | 6.2 (3.5–8.9) | 10 | 9.1 (−37.5 to 113.7) | |
Rwanda | 9.6 (7.2–13.2) | 9 | 10.2 (7.2–13.9) | 11 | 5.3 (−12.9 to 23.1) | 5.5 (4.1–7.4) | 9 | 5.4 (3.7–7.7) | 11 | −0.5 (−25.6 to 33.3) | |
South Sudan | 9.6 (6.8–12.9) | 10 | 9.9 (7.2–13.2) | 12 | 2.3 (−22.7 to 36.2) | 4.8 (2.6–7.5) | 10 | 5.4 (3.3–8.4) | 12 | 14.5 (−38.3 to 120.3) | |
Uganda | 6.7 (4.8–9.0) | 14 | 9.0 (6.8–11.8) | 13 | 35.5 (13.0 to 60.1) | 3.4 (2.3–4.7) | 13 | 5.2 (3.4–7.0) | 13 | 51.7 (9.5 to 101.4) | |
Malawi | 6.9 (5.5–8.4) | 13 | 8.3 (6.3–10.2) | 14 | 19.8 (−0.6 to 43.3) | 3.3 (2.5–4.0) | 15 | 4.4 (3.1–5.9) | 14 | 35.2 (0.6 to 82.5) | |
Kenya | 6.0 (5.1–7.2) | 15 | 6.7 (5.6–7.9) | 15 | 10.5 (3.9 to 18.4) | 3.4 (2.8–4.0) | 14 | 3.9 (3.2–4.6) | 15 | 15.1 (4.6 to 26.7) | |
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa | 10.2 (8.5–12.5) | 12.4 (10.2–15.1) | 21.2 (10.8 to 31.2) | 5.5 (4.6–6.6) | 6.9 (5.7–8.5) | 26.8 (10.2 to 43.4) | |||||
Metabolic risks | Madagascar | 24 (22.2–25.7) | 2 | 28.3 (25.6–30.6) | 1 | 17.9 (8.2 to 26.9) | 12.3 (11.2–13.4) | 2 | 16.1 (12.9–19.0) | 1 | 31.2 (5.5 to 56.9) |
Djibouti | 23.7 (21.5–26.1) | 3 | 26.9 (24.5–29.5) | 2 | 13.8 (2.0 to 27.5) | 12.0 (9.7–14.6) | 3 | 15.0 (11.8–18.5) | 2 | 25.2 (−7.1 to 68.5) | |
Comoros | 24.4 (22.1–26.7) | 1 | 25.8 (23.3–28.1) | 3 | 5.4 (−5.9 to 18.0) | 13.3 (10.5–15.8) | 1 | 14.7 (12.5–17.1) | 3 | 10.8 (−12.7 to 40.9) | |
Ethiopia | 17.0 (15.4–18.7) | 12 | 24.2 (22.2–26.1)* | 4 | 42.5 (27.1 to 58.3) | 9.1 (8.1–10.1) | 8 | 13.1 (10.9–15.3)* | 4 | 43.9 (16.6 to 74) | |
Rwanda | 20.4 (17.9–23.2) | 4 | 22.3 (19.9–25.1) | 5 | 9.4 (−5.0 to 25.1) | 10.8 (9.2–12.4) | 5 | 11.5 (9.5–13.7) | 10 | 6.6 (−15.4 to 34.2) | |
Tanzania | 18.2 (16.6–19.8) | 8 | 22.2 (19.6–24.8) | 6 | 21.9 (7.2 to 37.2) | 8.8 (7.8–9.7) | 9 | 11.9 (9.5–14.7) | 8 | 35.5 (6.8 to 69.6) | |
Mozambique | 17.5 (15.7–19.2) | 10 | 22 (18.7–25.0) | 7 | 26.1 (5.8 to 47.1) | 7.8 (7.0–8.8) | 12 | 11.8 (8.8–14.6)* | 9 | 50.0 (10.8 to 89.7) | |
Eritrea | 19.0 (17.1–21.1) | 6 | 21.7 (19.3–24.2) | 8 | 14.1 (1.8 to 27.9) | 10.5 (9.3–11.8) | 6 | 12.6 (9.8–14.9) | 6 | 20.1 (−6.8 to 42.3) | |
Zambia | 16.2 (14.3–18.3) | 13 | 21.7 (19.5–23.6)* | 9 | 33.3 (16.6 to 52.9) | 7.7 (6.5–8.9) | 13 | 12.7 (10.5–14.5)* | 5 | 64.3 (32.1 to 101.2) | |
Burundi | 20.3 (17.6–24.0) | 5 | 21.4 (19.0–23.9) | 10 | 5.2 (−10.9 to 22.4) | 11.8 (9.6–14.5) | 4 | 11.9 (9.7–14.1) | 7 | 0.9 (−22.2 to 31.4) | |
Uganda | 17.0 (14.5–19.1) | 11 | 21.2 (18.5–23.7) | 11 | 24.2 (8.2 to 43.7) | 8.1 (6.3–9.5) | 11 | 11.4 (8.7–13.8) | 11 | 40.4 (8.0 to 77.7) | |
Somalia | 18.4 (14.1–21.3) | 7 | 19.2 (16.1–21.7) | 12 | 4.7 (−12.8 to 32.8) | 9.5 (5.5–12.8) | 7 | 10.8 (7.2–13.7) | 12 | 14.6 (−27.8 to 103.4) | |
Malawi | 15.8 (13.9–17.7) | 14 | 19 (16.3–21.4) | 13 | 20.0 (2.3 to 41.3) | 7.0 (5.9–8.2) | 15 | 9.5 (7.5–11.8) | 14 | 35.3 (4.6 to 73.3) | |
South Sudan | 17.7 (13.8–20.7) | 9 | 18.6 (15.5–21.3) | 14 | 5.5 (−15.0 to 35.5) | 8.4 (5.2–12.0) | 10 | 10.0 (6.9–13.6) | 13 | 18.9 (−28.6 to 108.2) | |
Kenya | 14.7 (13.5–16.0) | 15 | 16.7 (15.6–17.9) | 15 | 14.1 (7.8 to 21.2) | 7.6 (7.0–8.4) | 14 | 9.2 (8.3–9.9) | 15 | 19.8 (11.0 to 29.2) | |
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa | 17.7 (16.4–19.0) | 22.1 (20.8–23.4)* | 24.7 (17.6 to 33.1) | 9.0 (8.4–9.8) | 12.0 (10.9–13.2)* | 33.0 (20.3 to 46.2) | |||||
Low physical activity | Djibouti | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) | 1 | 1.8 (1.3–2.3) | 1 | 35.9 (14.9 to 63.2) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 1 | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 2 | 48.6 (8.3 to 104.0) |
Zambia | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 3 | 1.7 (1.3–2.1) | 2 | 53.7 (33.4 to 78.3) | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | 3 | 1.0 (0.7–1.3)* | 1 | 89.5 (52.0 to 132.4) | |
Ethiopia | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 7 | 1.4 (1.0–1.8) | 3 | 54.1 (27.3 to 80.1) | 0.5 (0.3–0.6) | 7 | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 4 | 56.9 (22.5 to 95.7) | |
Madagascar | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 2 | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | 4 | 20.4 (5.1 to 35.6) | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | 2 | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 3 | 36.7 (9.4 to 65.4) | |
Rwanda | 1.0 (0.6–1.3) | 4 | 1.2 (0.8–1.6) | 5 | 24.3 (4.5 to 46.7) | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | 6 | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 7 | 22.5 (−3.2 to 55.5) | |
Comoros | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 5 | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 6 | 20.4 (4.2 to 40.1) | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | 5 | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 5 | 28.9 (1.3 to 62.8) | |
Tanzania | 0.9 (0.6–1.1) | 11 | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 7 | 34.3 (17.8 to 55.0) | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | 11 | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 8 | 48.0 (17.0 to 87.1) | |
Mozambique | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | 12 | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 8 | 41.9 (16.5 to 72.6) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | 13 | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 10 | 69.3 (26.4 to 120.2) | |
Eritrea | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 10 | 1.1 (0.7–1.4) | 9 | 24.3 (6.7 to 43.2) | 0.5 (0.3–0.6) | 8 | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 6 | 34.0 (6.4 to 62.6) | |
Uganda | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 14 | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 10 | 47.6 (25.2 to 77.0) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | 14 | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 11 | 68.6 (29.7 to 116.2) | |
Burundi | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 6 | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 11 | 15.0 (−9.2 to 37.7) | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | 4 | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 9 | 14.5 (−12.9 to 49.2) | |
Malawi | 0.8 (0.5–1.0) | 13 | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 12 | 31.9 (11.8 to 57.8) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | 12 | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | 13 | 50.6 (18.1 to 94.7) | |
South Sudan | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 8 | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 13 | 16.1 (−4.8 to 45.8) | 0.4 (0.2–0.6) | 10 | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) | 12 | 32.7 (−17.5 to 117.6) | |
Somalia | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 9 | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 14 | 6.3 (−11.5 to 30.6) | 0.4 (0.2–0.6) | 9 | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | 14 | 18.4 (−21.5 to 96.6) | |
Kenya | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 15 | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 15 | 16.8 (8.4 to 26.6) | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | 15 | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | 15 | 22.3 (11.6 to 33.7) | |
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa | 0.9 (0.6–1.1) | 1.2 (0.8–1.5) | 36.2 (24.4 to 48.6) | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 45.9 (29.8 to 63.7) |