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Table 3 Age-standardized rate, proportion and proportion of change (95% uncertainty interval) of deaths and disability-adjusted life years attributable to child and maternal undernutriton, low physical activity, dietary and metabolic risk factors in Ethiopia, 1990–2015

From: Burden of disease attributable to suboptimal diet, metabolic risks and low physical activity in Ethiopia and comparison with Eastern sub-Saharan African countries, 1990–2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Risk factors

Age-standardized rate per 100,000 (95% UI)

Age-standardized proportion (%) (95% UI)

Age-standardized proportion (%) (95% UI)

1990

2015

1990

2015

Change in proportion (%)

1990

2015

Deaths

   

All causes

 

Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases

Child and maternal undernutrition

231 (185–294)

44 (33–56)

8.6 (6.8–11)

3.6 (2.5–5.1)*

−58.5 (−72.4 to − 39.7)

18.4 (14.7–23.6)

9.9 (7.3–13.4)*

 Childhood undernutrition

195 (150–254)

30 (22–40)

7.3 (5.5–9.5)

2.5 (1.5–3.9)*

−65.4 (−80.1 to − 43.5)

15.5 (11.8–20.4)

7.0 (4.4–10.3)*

 Childhood wasting

162 (113–230)

27 (19–36)

6.0 (4.1–8.7)

2.2 (1.3–3.4)*

−62.8 (−78.8 to −37.4)

12.9 (8.9–18.5)

6.2 (3.9–9)*

 Childhood underweight

85 (50–148)

10 (6–17)

3.2 (1.8–5.5)

0.9 (0.4–1.5)*

−72.6 (−87.4 to − 43.7)

6.8 (3.9–11.5)

2.4 (1.3–4.2)

 Childhood stunting

55 (24–108)

7 (3–13)

2.0 (0.9–4.1)

0.6 (0.2–1.2)

−72.7 (−89.9 to − 41.2)

4.4 (2.0–8.7)

1.6 (0.6–3.2)

 Suboptimal breastfeeding

31 (15–49)

7 (4–12)

1.1 (0.5–1.8)

0.6 (0.3–1.0)

−49.9 (− 75.6 to 3.2)

2.5 (1.2–4.0)

1.6 (0.8–2.7)

 Non-exclusive breastfeeding

28 (14–45)

7 (3–11)

1.0 (0.5–1.7)

0.5 (0.2–1.0)

−47.7 (− 74.8 to 5.7)

2.2 (1.1–3.6)

1.5 (0.7–2.6)

 Discontinued breastfeeding

4 (1–9)

1 (0–1)

0.1 (0.0–0.3)

0.0 (0.0–0.1)

− 68.8 (− 88.2 to 4.8)

0.3 (0.1–0.7)

0.1 (0–0.3)

 Iron deficiency

30 (19–44)

12 (7–20)

1.1 (0.7–1.6)

1.0 (0.6–1.4)

− 12.3 (− 35.5 to 24.2)

2.4 (1.5–3.4)

2.7 (1.8–3.9)

 Vitamin A deficiency

36 (12–86)

2 (1–7)

1.3 (0.5–3.2)

0.2 (0.1–0.7)

− 84.9 (− 96.2 to − 35.5)

2.9 (1.0–6.8)

0.6 (0.2–1.9)

 Zinc deficiency

5 (0–14)

1 (0–2)

0.2 (0.0–0.5)

0.1 (0.0–0.2)

−68.5 (− 90.6 to 17.1)

0.4 (0.0–1.1)

0.2 (0.0–0.5)

Metabolic risks

16 (9–25)

6 (3–12)

17.0 (15.4–18.7)

24.2 (22.2–26.1)*

42.5 (27.1 to 58.3)

1.2 (0.7–1.9)

1.4 (0.8–2.3)

 High fasting plasma glucose

16 (9–25)

6 (3–12)

4.5 (3.8–5.3)

6.7 (5.6–8.0)*

48.1 (23.9 to 72)

1.2 (0.7–1.9)

1.4 (0.8–2.3)

   

All causes

Change in proportion (%)

Non-communicable diseases

Dietary risks

290 (231–364)

182 (112–282)

10.8 (8.8–13.3)

14.5 (11.7–18.0)

35.0 (14.1 to 53.9)

25.6 (21.4–31.3)

25.6 (20.6–31.6)

 Diet low in fruits

105 (71–141)

61 (33–99)

3.9 (2.7–5.3)

4.9 (3.3–6.5)

25 (2.5 to 45.3)

9.3 (6.5–12.1)

8.6 (5.8–11.4)

 Diet low in vegetables

65 (35–101)

40 (17–72)

2.4 (1.3–3.7)

3.2 (1.7–4.9)

32.5 (6.3 to 55.7)

5.7 (3.1–8.8)

5.6 (3.0–8.7)

 Diet low in whole grains

61 (38–88)

37 (18–66)

2.3 (1.4–3.3)

2.9 (1.8–4.3)

29.8 (4.5 to 51.3)

5.4 (3.4–7.6)

5.2 (3.3–7.5)

 Diet high in sodium

58 (10–155)

35 (5–105)

2.2 (0.4–5.9)

2.8 (0.5–7.5)

28.7 (− 0.6 to 57.4)

5.2 (0.9–13.7)

4.9 (0.9–13.3)

 Diet low in nuts and seeds

50 (30–72)

34 (18–59)

1.8 (1.2–2.6)

2.7 (1.7–3.9)

47.8 (19.2 to 73.0)

4.4 (2.8–6.2)

4.8 (2.9–6.9)

 Diet low in seafood omega-3 fatty acids

39 (16–64)

26 (10–50)

1.4 (0.6–2.4)

2.1 (0.9–3.4)

43.5 (15.0 to 70.0)

3.4 (1.5–5.6)

3.7 (1.6–5.9)

 Diet high in processed meat

16 (6–26)

10 (3–19)

0.6 (0.2–1.0)

0.8 (0.3–1.4)

36.3 (8.8 to 62.2)

1.4 (0.5–2.3)

1.4 (0.5–2.4)

 Diet high in trans fatty acids

10 (3–20)

6 (2–14)

0.4 (0.1–0.7)

0.5 (0.2–1.0)

33.0 (1.4 to 61.8)

0.9 (0.3–1.7)

0.9 (0.3–1.8)

 Diet low in milk

3 (1–5)

2 (1–4)

0.1 (0.0–0.2)

0.2 (0.1–0.3)

62.4 (37.3 to 95.4)

0.2 (0.1–0.4)

0.3 (0.1–0.5)

 Diet suboptimal in calcium

4 (2–5)

3 (2–5)

0.1 (0.1–0.2)

0.2 (0.1–0.3)

61.2 (36.3 to 94.4)

0.3 (0.2–0.5)

0.4 (0.3–0.5)

 Diet high in red meat

0 (0–1)

0 (0–0)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

31.7 (2.3 to 66.5)

0.0 (0.0–0.1)

0.0 (0.0–0.1)

 Diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages

1 (0–1)

1 (0–1)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–0.1)

51.6 (19.4 to 98.2)

0.1 (0.0–0.1)

0.1 (0.1–0.1)

 Diet low in fiber

0 (0–1)

0 (0–1)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

54.7 (−4.8 to 137.7)

0.0 (0.0–0.1)

0.0 (0.0–0.1)

 Diet low in polyunsaturated fatty acids

1 (0–1)

1 (0–1)

0.0 (0.0–0.1)

0.0 (0.0–0.1)

42.9 (14.3 to 69.3)

0.1 (0.0–0.1)

0.1 (0.0–0.1)

Metabolic risks

419 (357–483)

283 (185–413)

17.0 (15.4–18.7)

24.2 (22.2–26.1)*

42.5 (27.1 to 58.3)

37.1 (34.6–39.7)

39.8 (36.8–42.8)

 High systolic blood pressure

286 (238–339)

193 (124–284)

10.6 (9.1–12.2)

15.4 (13.5–17.4)*

45.5 (28.4 to 64.3)

25.3 (22.4–28.4)

27.2 (24.0–30.5)

 High fasting plasma glucose

106 (86–129)

77 (49–117)

4.5 (3.8–5.3)

6.7 (5.6–8.0)*

48.1 (23.9 to 72.0)

9.4 (8.1–11.0)

10.9 (9.1–13.2)

 High body-mass index

33 (14–58)

45 (21–81)

1.2 (0.5–2.2)

3.6 (2.0–5.6)

196.8 (110.6 to 367.1)

2.9 (1.3–5.1)

6.4 (3.6–9.6)

 High total cholesterol

73 (51–101)

41 (21–71)

2.7 (2.0–3.7)

3.3 (2.1–4.8)

20.4 (− 10.6 to 51.1)

6.5 (4.8–8.7)

5.8 (3.8–8.4)

 Impaired kidney function

52 (41–63)

34 (21–52)

1.9 (1.5–2.3)

2.7 (2.2–3.4)

42.7 (20.9 to 61.6)

4.6 (3.7–5.5)

4.8 (3.8–5.9)

Low physical activity

24 (17–31)

17 (10–27)

0.9 (0.6–1.2)

1.4 (1.0–1.8)

54.1 (27.3 to 80.1)

2.1 (1.5–2.7)

2.4 (1.7–3.2)

 

Disability-adjusted life years

    

All causes

Change in proportion (%)

Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases

Child and maternal undernutrition

19,040 (15,070–24,312)

3445 (2648–4359)

17.3 (13.8–22.3)

7.4 (5.4–9.9)*

− 57.2 (− 71.3 to − 39.9)

31.0 (25.0–38.4)

17.2 (12.8–22.0)*

 Childhood undernutrition

16,719 (12,967–21,821)

2667 (1971–3462)

15.2 (11.7–19.8)

5.8 (3.9–8.1)*

−62.1 (− 76.1 to − 43.9)

27.2 (21.2–34.5)

13.3 (9.3–17.9)*

 Childhood wasting

13,916 (9775–19,748)

2393 (1683–3178)

12.7 (8.9–18.1)

5.2 (3.4–7.3)*

−59.2 (− 74.6 to − 36.9)

22.7 (15.6–31.8)

12.0 (8.1–16.2)

 Childhood underweight

7301 (4350–12,675)

946 (594–1495)

6.6 (4.0–11.5)

2.0 (1.2–3.4)*

−69.2 (− 84.8 to − 43.8)

11.9 (7.1–20.0)

4.7 (2.9–7.7)

 Childhood stunting

4700 (2097–9260)

583 (241–1157)

4.3 (1.9–8.4)

1.3 (0.5–2.5)

−70.5 (− 88.6 to − 42)

7.6 (3.5–14.5)

2.9 (1.2–5.7)

 Suboptimal breastfeeding

2654 (1277–4248)

600 (308–1007)

2.4 (1.2–3.9)

1.3 (0.6–2.2)

−46.4 (− 71.6 to 6)

4.3 (2.0–7.0)

3.0 (1.5–5.0)

 Non-exclusive breastfeeding

2387 (1180–3871)

562 (282–951)

2.2 (1.1–3.5)

1.2 (0.6–2.1)

−44.2 (− 70.9 to 8.6)

3.9 (1.8–6.4)

2.8 (1.4–4.8)

 Discontinued breastfeeding

328 (74–771)

48 (13–110)

0.3 (0.1–0.7)

0.1 (0.0–0.3)

− 65.3 (− 85.3 to 15)

0.5 (0.1–1.3)

0.2 (0.1–0.6)

 Iron deficiency

1699 (1227–2338)

665 (445–956)

1.5 (1.1–2.1)

1.4 (1.1–1.9)

−8.5 (− 27.9 to 17.8)

2.8 (2.0–3.8)

3.3 (2.5–4.4)

 Vitamin A deficiency

3069 (1044–7297)

216 (78–620)

2.8 (0.9–6.7)

0.5 (0.2–1.5)

−83.2 (− 95.2 to − 32.9)

5.0 (1.7–11.5)

1.1 (0.4–3.3)

 Zinc deficiency

416 (26–1200)

60 (5–161)

0.4 (0.0–1.1)

0.1 (0.0–0.4)

−65.4 (− 87.4 to 30.1)

0.7 (0.0–2.0)

0.3 (0.0–0.9)

Metabolic risks

450 (257–709)

172 (81–331)

9.1 (8.1–10.1)

13.1 (10.9–15.3)

43.9 (16.6 to 74)

0.7 (0.4–1.1)

0.8 (0.5–1.5)

 High fasting plasma glucose

450 (257–709)

172 (81–331)

2.8 (2.5–3.3)

4.4 (3.7–5.2)

55.4 (27.4 to 84.3)

0.7 (0.4–1.1)

0.8 (0.5–1.5)

   

All causes

Change in proportion (%)

Non-communicable diseases

Dietary risks

6678 (5308–8507)

3856 (2344–6154)

6.1 (5–7.4)

8.1 (6.1–10.5)

33.6 (3.5 to 68.3)

19.2 (16–23.1)

16.5 (12.7–21.2)

 Diet low in fruits

2563 (1729–3470)

1394 (763–2261)

2.3 (1.6–3.1)

2.9 (1.9–4.1)

25.8 (− 7.5 to 62.3)

7.4 (5.2–9.8)

6.0 (3.9–8.2)

 Diet low in whole grains

1572 (997–2282)

891 (449–1579)

1.4 (0.9–2)

1.9 (1.1–2.8)

31.1 (− 3.4 to 68)

4.5 (2.9–6.4)

3.8 (2.3–5.6)

 Diet low in vegetables

1520 (817–2380)

838 (365–1537)

1.4 (0.7–2.1)

1.8 (0.9–2.8)

27.3 (− 8.4to 66.9)

4.4 (2.4–6.7)

3.6 (1.8–5.7)

 Diet high in sodium

1326 (247–3482)

733 (125–2106)

1.2 (0.2–3.2)

1.5 (0.3–3.9)

27.4 (− 8.9 to 68.4)

3.8 (0.7–10.0)

3.1 (0.6–8.0)

 Diet low in nuts and seeds

1175 (731–1660)

736 (399–1256)

1.1 (0.7–1.5)

1.5 (0.9–2.3)

44.8 (7.9 to 86.9)

3.4 (2.2–4.7)

3.2 (2.0–4.7)

 Diet low in seafood omega-3 fatty acids

879 (370–1408)

510 (184–1021)

0.8 (0.3–1.3)

1.1 (0.4–1.9)

33.7 (− 5.0 to 82.8)

2.5 (1.1–4.1)

2.2 (0.9–3.8)

 Diet high in processed meat

426 (176–682)

264 (111–468)

0.4 (0.2–0.6)

0.6 (0.3–0.9)

43.5 (10.1 to 81.1)

1.2 (0.5–1.9)

1.1 (0.5–1.8)

 Diet high in trans fatty acids

270 (97–530)

152 (46–346)

0.2 (0.1–0.5)

0.3 (0.1–0.6)

30.2 (− 9.8 to 77.7)

0.8 (0.3–1.5)

0.7 (0.2–1.3)

 Diet low in milk

53 (18–94)

37 (12–72)

0.1 (0.0–0.1)

0.1 (0.0–0.1)

58.9 (15.7 to 114.9)

0.2 (0.1–0.3)

0.2 (0.1–0.3)

 Diet suboptimal in calcium

75 (46–109)

51 (27–91)

0.1 (0.0–0.1)

0.1 (0.1–0.2)

56.9 (14.7 to 113.2)

0.2 (0.1–0.3)

0.2 (0.1–0.3)

 Diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages

23 (14–35)

16 (9–28)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–0.1)

67.1 (25.6 to 123.7)

0.1 (0.0–0.1)

0.1 (0.1–0.1)

 Diet low in polyunsaturated fatty acids

19 (8–31)

11 (4–21)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

36.0 (− 1.3 to 81.2)

0.1 (0.0–0.1)

0.1 (0.0–0.1)

 Diet low in fiber

7 (1–20)

4 (0–13)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

35.9 (− 22.1 to 128.7)

0.0 (0.0–0.1)

0.0 (0.0–0.1)

Metabolic risks

9172 (7725–10,701)

5804 (3840–8452)

9.1 (8.1–10.1)

13.1 (10.9–15.3)*

43.9 (16.6 to 74.0)

26.4 (24.0–28.8)

24.9 (21.2–28.7)

 High systolic blood pressure

5715 (4690–6830)

3582 (2286–5400)

5.2 (4.4–6.0)

7.5 (5.9–9.3)

45.1 (13.2 to 80.5)

16.4 (14.2–18.7)

15.4 (12.3–18.5)

 High fasting plasma glucose

2680 (2224–3207)

1921 (1310–2753)

2.8 (2.5–3.3)

4.4 (3.7–5.2)*

55.4 (27.4 to 84.3)

7.7 (6.8–8.8)

8.3 (7.1–9.7)

 High body-mass index

910 (383–1584)

1209 (601–2124)

0.8 (0.4–1.5)

2.5 (1.4–3.8)

207.9 (111.5 to 387.3)

2.6 (1.2–4.5)

5.2 (3.0–7.7)

 High total cholesterol

1780 (1305–2387)

826 (442–1374)

1.6 (1.2–2.1)

1.7 (1.1–2.5)

7.2 (− 25.9 to 44.4)

5.1 (3.9–6.5)

3.5 (2.3–5.1)

 Impaired kidney function

1143 (937–1388)

703 (471–1025)

1.0 (0.9–1.2)

1.5 (1.2–1.8)

43.0 (17.4 to 68.1)

3.3 (2.8–3.8)

3.0 (2.5–3.6)

Low physical activity

502 (351–672)

339 (210–531)

0.5 (0.3–0.6)

0.7 (0.5–1.0)

56.9 (22.5 to 95.7)

1.4 (1.0–1.9)

1.5 (1.0–1.9)

  1. UI uncertainty interval, *-shows a significant change; (i.e. changes were based on 95% UI–out of the UI); Zero (0.0) indicates very low proportion. The sum of percentages of risk factors in a column exceeds the total for all risk factors combined under a risk factor cluster because of an overlap between various risk factors