Table 2 Crude proportion (95% uncertainty interval) of deaths and disability-adjusted life years attributable to specific types of child and maternal undernutrition, dietary and metabolic risk factors in Ethiopia, 2015
Risk factors | Proportion (%) (95% UI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Deaths | Disability-adjusted life years | |||
All causes | Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases | All causes | Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases | |
Child and maternal undernutrition | 8.9 (6.1–12.5) | 17.7 (12.8–23) | 13.0 (9.7–16.8) | 23.2 (17.5–29.0) |
Childhood undernutrition | 7.5 (4.8–11.0) | 15.0 (10.3–20.2) | 10.8 (7.7–14.4) | 19.2 (14–24.7) |
Childhood wasting | 6.7 (4.2–9.7) | 13.4 (8.9–18.1) | 9.7 (6.8–12.9) | 17.2 (12.2–22.3) |
Childhood underweight | 2.6 (1.4–4.5) | 5.2 (3.0–8.5) | 3.8 (2.3–6.1) | 6.8 (4.2–10.6) |
Childhood stunting | 1.7 (0.6–3.5) | 3.3 (1.3–6.6) | 2.4 (1.0–4.6) | 4.2 (1.7–7.9) |
Suboptimal breastfeeding | 1.7 (0.9–3.0) | 3.5 (1.8–5.8) | 2.5 (1.3–4.1) | 4.4 (2.3–7.2) |
Non-exclusive breastfeeding | 1.6 (0.8–2.9) | 3.3 (1.6–5.5) | 2.3 (1.1–3.9) | 4.1 (2.0–6.8) |
Discontinued breastfeeding | 0.1 (0.0–0.3) | 0.3 (0.1–0.6) | 0.2 (0.1–0.5) | 0.3 (0.1–0.8) |
Iron deficiency | 1.0 (0.7–1.6) | 2.1 (1.3–3.2) | 1.8 (1.3–2.4) | 3.2 (2.3–4.2) |
Vitamin A deficiency | 0.6 (0.2–2.0) | 1.2 (0.4–3.7) | 0.9 (0.3–2.6) | 1.5 (0.5–4.4) |
Zinc deficiency | 0.2 (0.0–0.5) | 0.3 (0.0–1.0) | 0.2 (0.0–0.7) | 0.4 (0.0–1.2) |
Metabolic risks | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | 0.2 (0.2–0.2) | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) |
High fasting plasma glucose | 4.5 (3.5–5.4) | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | 2.4 (1.8–2.9) | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) |
All causes | Non-communicable diseases | All causes | Non-communicable diseases | |
Dietary risks | 9.7 (7.4–12.3) | 23.1 (18.6–28.5) | 4.1 (2.8–5.7) | 11.3 (8.1–15.2) |
Diet low in fruits | 3.4 (2.2–4.7) | 8.1 (5.5–10.9) | 1.5 (0.9–2.3) | 4.2 (2.6–6.1) |
Diet low in vegetables | 2.2 (1.1–3.4) | 5.2 (2.7–8.0) | 0.9 (0.4–1.5) | 2.5 (1.2–4.1) |
Diet low in whole grains | 2.1 (1.3–3.1) | 5.0 (3.1–7.2) | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) | 2.8 (1.6–4.4) |
Diet high in sodium | 1.9 (0.3–4.9) | 4.5 (0.8–11.9) | 0.8 (0.1–2.0) | 2.1 (0.4–5.5) |
Diet low in nuts and seeds | 1.8 (1.1–2.7) | 4.3 (2.7–6.3) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 2.2 (1.3–3.4) |
Diet low in seafood omega-3 fatty acids | 1.4 (0.6–2.3) | 3.4 (1.4–5.4) | 0.5 (0.2–1.0) | 1.5 (0.6–2.7) |
Diet high in processed meat | 0.6 (0.2–1.0) | 1.4 (0.5–2.3) | 0.3 (0.1–0.5) | 0.8 (0.4–1.4) |
Diet high in trans fatty acids | 0.4 (0.1–0.7) | 0.9 (0.3–1.7) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.5 (0.2–1.0) |
Diet suboptimal in calcium | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) | 0.2 (0.1–0.2) |
Diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.1 (0.1–0.1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) |
Diet low in milk | 0.1 (0.0–0.2) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.1 (0.0–0.2) |
Diet high in red meat | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) |
Diet low in fiber | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) |
Diet low in polyunsaturated fatty acids | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) |
Metabolic risks | 15.4 (12.8–17.6) | 34.3 (31.3–37.3) | 6.5 (4.9–8.3) | 16.9 (13.5–20.7) |
High systolic blood pressure | 9.6 (7.9–11.3) | 23.1 (20.4–25.8) | 3.6 (2.5–4.8) | 9.9 (7.4–12.9) |
High fasting plasma glucose | 9.7 (8.0–11.5) | 5.9 (4.9–7.1) | ||
High body-mass index | 2.6 (1.4–4.0) | 6.2 (3.6–9.4) | 1.4 (0.7–2.1) | 3.7 (2.1–5.8) |
High total cholesterol | 2.1 (1.4–3.1) | 5.1 (3.4–7.2) | 0.9 (0.5–1.3) | 2.4 (1.5–3.6) |
Impaired kidney function | 1.7 (1.3–2.1) | 4.1 (3.3–5.0) | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 2.3 (1.8–2.8) |