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Table 4 Associations by Unspecified Substance Use Dimension, Suicide Dimension, and Method of Statistical Analysis

From: Substance use and suicidal ideation and behaviour in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review

Substance use dimension

Suicide dimension

Analysis

Association between substances and suicide

Positive

Negative

Null

Unclear

Total

Substance intoxication (n = 1)

Non-fatal suicidal behaviour

Bivariate

1 [104]

0

0

0

1

Substance use (n = 19)

Suicidal ideation

Bivariate

8 [39, 50, 55, 56, 61, 81, 83, 105]

0

1 [105]

3 [50, 55, 60]

12

Multivariate

7 [36, 38, 39, 47, 50, 67, 83]

0

4 [32, 56, 58, 67]

1 [50]

12

Non-fatal suicidal behaviour

Bivariate

7 [33, 50, 56, 81, 83, 106]

0

2 [44, 60]

1 [50]

10

Multivariate

4 [47, 50, 58, 83]

0

2 [56, 83]

1 [51]

7

Pathological substance use (n = 37)

Suicidal ideation

Bivariate

2 [56, 115]

0

1 [92]

0

3

Multivariate

7 [78, 91, 117, 122, 124, 126, 143]

0

2 [56, 124]

0

9

Non-fatal suicidal behaviour

Bivariate

15 [34, 56, 72, 77, 78, 94, 96, 104, 111–113, 115,116,, 117, 120, 121]

0

9 [44, 51, 72, 84, 96, 118, 123, 125, 141]

0

24

Multivariate

8 [56, 65, 78, 96, 117, 119, 122, 126]

0

9 [43, 45, 56, 94, 124, 143]

0

17

Fatal suicide

Bivariate

1 [109]

0

2 [41, 110]

0

3

Multivariate

1 [108]

0

0

0

1

Total

Suicidal ideation

Bivariate

10

0

2

3

15

Multivariate

14

0

6

1

21

Non-fatal suicidal behaviour

Bivariate

23

0

11

1

35

Multivariate

12

0

11

1

24

Fatal suicide

Bivariate

1

0

2

0

3

Multivariate

1

0

0

0

1