Skip to main content

Table 3 Associations by Substance type Specified Dimension, Suicide Dimension, and Method of Statistical Analysis

From: Substance use and suicidal ideation and behaviour in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review

Substance use dimension

Suicide dimension

Analysis

Association between substances and suicide

Positive

Negative

Null

Unclear

Total

Alcohol

Alcohol intoxication (n =10)

Suicidal ideation

Bivariate

4 [32, 33, 39, 40]

0

0

0

4

Multivariate

4 [36, 37, 39, 40]

0

2 [32, 38]

0

6

Non-fatal suicidal behaviour

Bivariate

1 [33]

0

1 [34]

0

2

Fatal suicide

Bivariate

1 [35]

0

0

0

1

Multivariate

1 [35]

0

2 [35, 41]

1 [35]

4

Alcohol use (n = 33)

Suicidal ideation

Bivariate

11 [33, 46, 49, 50, 55, 56, 60, 61, 67, 69, 143]

0

2 [56, 68]

0

13

Multivariate

9 [36, 38, 45, 48, 50, 52, 56, 63, 67]

0

2 [56, 68]

0

11

Non-fatal suicidal behaviour

Bivariate

12 [33, 42, 46, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, 59, 60, 62, 70]

0

3 [44, 46, 71]

0

15

Multivariate

8 [43, 47, 50, 57, 58, 63,64,65]

1 [54]

3 [56, 57, 66]

0

12

Pathological alcohol use (n = 37)

Suicidal ideation

Bivariate

5 [56, 83, 87, 90, 143]

0

2 [89, 92]

0

7

Multivariate

7 [74, 78, 86, 88, 124, 143]

0

3 [56, 83, 100]

0

10

Non-fatal suicidal behaviour

Bivariate

18 [56, 72, 78, 83, 87, 89, 94,95,96,97, 118, 136, 139, 141,142,143,144,145]

0

9 [72, 84, 89, 94, 96, 118, 141, 145, 147]

0

27

Pathological alcohol use (n = 37)

Non-fatal suicidal behaviour

Multivariate

11 [66, 78, 86, 88, 89, 93, 94, 124, 136, 138, 143]

0

7 [56, 78, 83, 94, 97, 100, 124]

0

18

Fatal suicide

Bivariate

5 [37, 73, 75, 76, 140]

0

0

0

5

Multivariate

2 [130, 137]

0

0

0

2

Tobacco

Tobacco use (n = 29)

Suicidal ideation

Bivariate

10 [46, 49, 50, 55, 56, 59, 67, 69, 81, 83]

0

3 [46, 61, 68]

0

13

Multivariate

4 [36, 45, 56, 58]

0

5 [38, 50, 68, 83, 86]

2 [50, 79]

13

Non-fatal suicidal behaviour

Bivariate

13 [33, 36, 46, 50, 53, 54, 56, 59, 67, 70, 80, 81, 83]

0

5 [46, 51, 53, 71, 84]

0

18

Multivariate

3 [56, 64, 82]

0

5 [58, 64, 83, 85, 86]

1 [50]

9

Pathological tobacco use (n = 13)

Suicidal ideation

Bivariate

4 [56, 87, 89, 90]

0

1 [92]

1 [60]

6

Multivariate

3 [56, 88, 91]

0

1 [88]

0

4

Non-fatal suicidal behaviour

Bivariate

6 [56, 70, 87, 89, 94, 95]

0

3 [60, 89, 96]

0

9

Multivariate

4 [56, 88, 89, 93]

0

1 [94]

0

5

Cannabis

Cannabis use (n = 8)

Suicidal ideation

Bivariate

3 [40, 50, 60]

 

1 [59]

1 [69]

5

Non-fatal suicidal behaviour

Bivariate

2 [50, 60]

0

2 [59, 70]

0

4

Multivariate

1 [66]

1 [57]

1 [57]

0

3

Cannabis

Pathological cannabis use (n = 2)

Suicidal ideation

Bivariate

0

0

1 [89]

0

1

Non-fatal suicidal behaviour

Bivariate

2 [89, 97]

0

1 [89]

0

3

Multivariate

1 [97]

0

0

0

1

Cannabis and Mandrax (smoked together)

Cannabis and Mandrax (smoked together) use (n = 1)

Non-fatal suicidal behaviour

Multivariate

1 [66]

0

0

0

1

Opioid

Opioid use (n = 4)

Suicidal ideation

Multivariate

1 [98]

0

0

0

1

Non-fatal suicidal behaviour

Bivariate

0

0

2 [70, 71]

0

2

Multivariate

2 [66, 98]

0

0

0

2

Pathological opioid use (n = 1)

Non-fatal suicidal behaviour

Multivariate

1 [99]

0

0

0

1

Sedatives

Sedative use (n = 5)

Suicidal ideation

Bivariate

0

0

0

1 [60]

1

Multivariate

2 [52, 98]

0

0

0

2

Non-fatal suicidal behaviour

Bivariate

1 [60]

0

1 [100]

0

2

Multivariate

2 [66, 98]

0

0

0

2

Pathological sedative use (n = 1)

Suicidal ideation

Bivariate

1 [89]

0

0

0

1

Multivariate

1 [89]

0

0

0

1

Non-fatal suicidal behaviour

Bivariate

1 [89]

0

0

0

1

Multivariate

1 [89]

0

0

0

1

Stimulants

Stimulant use (n = 4)

Non-fatal suicidal behaviour

Bivariate

0

0

1 [70]

0

1

Multivariate

3 [66, 101, 102]

0

0

0

3

Unspecified prescription medication

Use of unspecified prescription medication (n = 3)

Suicidal ideation

Multivariate

2 [52, 103]

0

0

0

2

Non-fatal suicidal behaviour

Multivariate

2 [66, 103]

0

0

0

2

Inhalants

Inhalants use (n = 1)

Non-fatal suicidal behaviour

Multivariate

1 [66]

0

0

0

1

Pathological inhalant use (n = 1)

Suicidal ideation

Bivariate

0

0

1 [89]

0

1

Non-fatal suicidal behaviour

Bivariate

1 [89]

0

1 [89]

0

2

Multivariate

1 [89]

0

0

0

0

Hallucinogens

Hallucinogens use (n = 2)

Non-fatal suicidal behaviour

Bivariate

1 [66]

0

1 [70]

0

2

Total

Suicidal ideation

Bivariate

38

0

11

3

52

Multivariate

33

0

13

2

48

Non-fatal suicidal behaviour

Bivariate

58

0

30

0

88

Multivariate

42

2

17

1

62

Fatal suicide

Bivariate

6

0

0

0

6

Multivariate

3

0

2

1

6

Back to article page

BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

Contact us