Subgroup | Number of participants | Number of studies | OR (95% CI) | Analysis model | Heterogeneity test | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I2 (%) | P | |||||
All studies | 596,553 | 12 | 0.97 (0.87–1.09) | Fixed | 27.5 | 0.174 |
Study design | ||||||
Cohort | 592,985 | 6 | 0.91 (0.80–1.04) | Fixed | 15.2 | 0.316 |
Case-control | 3568 | 6 | 1.15 (0.93–1.43) | Fixed | 15.4 | 0.315 |
Sex | ||||||
Male | 196,443 | 4 | 0.91 (0.78–1.06) | Fixed | 0 | 0.576 |
Female | 397,210 | 4 | 0.89 (0.71–1.13) | Fixed | 34.1 | 0.208 |
Mixed | 2900 | 4 | 1.25 (0.98–1.59) | Fixed | 8.6 | 0.350 |
Geographic area | ||||||
Europe and America | 480,212 | 6 | 1.11 (0.91–1.34) | Fixed | 29.2 | 0.316 |
Asia | 116,341 | 6 | 0.91 (0.79–1.05) | Fixed | 12.5 | 0.335 |
Source of control | ||||||
Population | 594,898 | 8 | 0.98 (0.86–1.11) | Fixed | 48.5 | 0.059 |
Hospital | 1655 | 4 | 0.96 (0.73–1.26) | Fixed | 0 | 0.663 |
Sample size | ||||||
≥ 750 | 595,675 | 7 | 0.99 (0.87–1.12) | Random | 51.9 | 0.052 |
< 750 | 878 | 5 | 0.93 (0.74–1.17) | Fixed | 0 | 0.640 |
Dietary assessment | ||||||
> 100 items | 595,566 | 10 | 0.97 (0.86–1.09) | Fixed | 37.8 | 0.107 |
≤ 100 items | 987 | 2 | 1.02 (0.73–1.44) | 0 | 0.430 | |
Adjustments | ||||||
Family history, yes | 84,881 | 2 | 1.02 (0.85–1.22) | Fixed | 0 | 0.737 |
No | 511,672 | 10 | 0.94 (0.82–1.09) | 38.6 | 0.101 | |
Dietary energy intake, yes | 478,967 | 8 | 0.98 (0.85–1.12) | Random | 0 | 0.868 |
No | 32,705 | 4 | 0.97 (0.79–1.18) | 75 | 0.007 |