Table 1 Characteristics of studies on dietary isoflavones intake and risk of gastric cancer
First author(year) County [no.] | Study design | Source of control | Age (y) | Dietary assessment | Participants (cases) | Intake comparison, high vs. Low (mg/d) | OR (95%CI) for highest vs. lowest category | NOS Score | Adjustment for covariates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hara (2012) Japan [6] | Cohort | Population | 45–74 | Validated FFQ | 84,881 (1249) | M: 42.3 vs. 9.2 a F: 41.8 vs. 9.4 a | M: 1 (0.81–1.24) F:1.07 (0.77–1.5) | 9 | Age, public health center area, BMI, smoking, family history, ethanol, vegetable and fruit intake, fish intake, salt intake, and total energy intake, menopausal status |
Wada (2015) Japan [7] | Cohort | Population | > 35 | 169-item FFQ | 30,792 (678) | M: 75.5 vs. 17.6 a F: 72.6 vs. 20.1 a | M: 0.81 (0.60–1.09) F: 0.60 (0.37–0.98) | 9 | Age, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol intake, salt intake, education, menopausal status |
Rossi (2010) Italy [11] | Case-control | Hospital | 22–80 | Validated FFQ | 777 (230) | > 34.3 vs. < 15.0 | 0.88 (0.53–1.46) | 8 | Sex, age, education, calendar year of interview, BMI, smoking intake, total energy intake |
Lagiou (2004) Boston [9] | Case-control | Hospital | NR | Validated FFQ | 210 (110) | 2.85 vs. 0.01 a | 1.16 (0.73–1.84) | 7.5 | Age, sex, place of birth, BMI, height, education, smoking and alcohol consumption, total energy intake, fruit and vegetable intake |
Petrick (2015) America [10] | Case-control | Population | 30–79 | 104-item FFQ | 1913 (589) | GCA:0.6 vs. 0.27 a OG:0.6 vs. 0.27 a | GCA:1.56 (0.93–2.6) OG:1.5 (0.96–2.37) | 9 | Proxy status, income, education, BMI, cigarette and alcohol consumption |
Woo (2014) Korea [12] | Case-control | Hospital | 35–75 | 103-item FFQ | 334 (334) | 43.7 vs. 11.4 a | M:0.98 (0.56–1.73) F:0.67 (0.31–1.47) | 6 | Age, BMI, total energy intake, H.pyloristatus, occupation, smoking and alcohol intake, meat intake, fruits and vegetables intake, physical activity |
Zamora-Ros (2012) Europe [8] | Cohort | Population | 35–70 | Validated FFQ | 477,312 (683) | > 1.1 vs. < 0.3 | M: 0.77 (0.5–1.18) F: 1.05 (0.61–1.82) | 9 | Age, BMI, education, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, energy intake, fruit and vegetables intake, red and processed meat intake |