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Table 4 Associations between subsistence difficulty level and smoking cessation readiness, confidence, and barriers among survey participants (N = 306)

From: Subsistence difficulties are associated with more barriers to quitting and worse abstinence outcomes among homeless smokers: evidence from two studies in Boston, Massachusetts

 

Readiness score (0–10)a

Confidence score (1–10)b

Barriers score (0–24)c

Subsistence difficulty level

Unadjusted mean (SD)

Adjusted β (SE)d

Unadjusted mean (SD)

Adjusted β (SE)d

Unadjusted mean (SD)

Adjusted β (SE)d

None

6.3 (2.8)

Ref.

6.6 (2.7)

Ref.

9.9 (4.8)

Ref.

Low

6.3 (2.7)

−0.1 (0.4)

6.8 (2.6)

0.2 (0.4)

11.4 (4.6)*

1.3 (0.7)

High

6.3 (2.7)

−0.1 (0.5)

6.7 (2.6)

0.6 (0.4)

13.7 (5.1)**

2.9 (0.7)**

  1. Abbreviations: SD standard deviation, SE standard error
  2. aBased on the Biener Contemplation Ladder. Higher scores indicate greater readiness
  3. bBased on a 10-point visual scale. Higher scores indicate greater confidence
  4. cBased on 12 items assessing barriers to quitting smoking (α = 0.78), with response options of 0 = not a barrier, 1 = small barrier, 2 = large barrier. Higher scores indicate greater barriers. See Methods for additional details
  5. dAdjusted effect estimates obtained from linear regression models controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, past-month work, past-month income, general health status, drug use severity, alcohol use severity, psychiatric symptom severity, and nicotine dependence. Regression models accounted for the survey sampling design
  6. *P < 0.05 for comparison to reference group (none)
  7. **P < 0.001 for comparison to reference group (none)